COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL

JUSTICE &
CRIMINOLOGY

NAME OF THE Bachelor of Science in Criminology

PROGRAM
COURSE TITLE Character Formation, Leadership, COURSE CODE CFLM2
Decision Making, Management and
Administration
PREREQUISITE/ CO- CFLM1 Nationalism and COURSE UNIT 3 units
REQUISITE Patriotism
COURSE OUTCOME CO1: Discuss the concepts of self and organizational leadership.
MODULE 1 BASIC CONCEPT OF POLICING AND ITS EVOLUTION,
ORGANIZATIONAL CONCEPTS AND PRINCIPLES

LESSON LEARNING After successful completion of this module, students should

OUTCOME/S have the ability to:
a. Enhance knowledge about the self-leadership and
organizational leadership.
b. Distinguish the types and principles of
leadership.
TOPICS Definition of leadership
Theories of
Leadership
Difference of Self and Organizational Leadership
Importance of Leadership
Types of leadership
Principles of Leadership
WEEK / INCLUSIVE 1-4
DATE August 15 to September 4, 2022
MODALITY Synchronous (Zoom), Asynchronous (NEO LMS) & ON-
GROUND MEETINGS

▪ LESSON PROPER
Chapter One: ORGANIZATIONAL AND SELF-LEADERSHIP

CONCEPT OF LEADERSHIP
Leadership is the practice of driving people to achieve goals. This plays an important role
in success and efficiency of subordinates. Leaders do this by providing many means of shaping
the actions of subordinates. It's a process whereby an individual influences others and guides the
organization in a manner that makes it more cohesive and coherent.

FOUR PRIMARY FACTORS OF LEADERSHIP E (U.S. Army, 1983)

1. Leader
An individual appointed as a leader must understand himself honestly, what he knows and
what he can do. Take note that it is the followers that decide whether the leader is successful, not
the leader or anyone else.
2. Followers
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Different people expect different leadership styles. A newly-employed deserves more

supervision than an accomplished subordinate does. An individual without motivation needs a
different approach than one with a high motivation level. You have to know your people, as a
leader.
3. Communication
Being a leader, you lead by bidirectional communication. A great deal of that is nonverbal.
4. Situation
Every situation is different. Everything you do. in one situation isn't automatically going to
work in another.

Attributes of a Leader
5. Guiding vision- the effective leader establishes achievable goals.

6. Passion- they have a positive outlook on who they are, and they love what they do.
7.Integrity- Because they know who they are, effective leaders are also aware of their
weaknesses. They only make promises they can follow through on.

8.Honesty- Leaders convey an aura of honesty in both their professional and their
personal lives.
9. Trust
10.Curiosity- Leaders are learners.
11.Risk- Effective leaders take calculated risks when necessary to achieve their objectives.
12.Dedication- the leader gives himself or herself entirely to the task when it is necessary.
13.Charisma- this may be the one attribute that is the most difficult to cultivate.
14. Listening- This is the most important attribute of all, listen to your followers.
15. Followers

MOST IMPORTANT KEYS TO EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP (Lamb, McKee, 2004)

16.Trust and Confidence
17.Effective Communication

Interpersonal effects
18.Awareness

19.Ability

20.Commitment

THE SIX POINTS OF LEADERSHIP

POWER
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Power refers to the ability a person has to control another's actions such that he or she
behaves according to his or her wishes. Such power is a capacity or potential as it means a
potential that does not need to be realized in order to be effective.
Below are French, Raven's (1959), Six Points of Leader Power.
1. Coercive Power Power that is based on fear.
A person with coercive power can make things hard for humans.
2.Reward Power
Trading favors with him or her might seem beneficial.
3.Legitimate Power - The power a person receives in an organization's formal
hierarchy as a consequence of his or her role.
4. Expert Power - Influence based on special skills or knowledge.
5.Referent Power- Influence based on individual poor desirable possession of wealth or
personal on traits.
6.Informational Power

LEADERSHIP TRAITS
7. Honesty and integrity

8.Confidence- You should be comfortable enough to be an effective leader and ensure people
obey your orders.

9.Inspire others- Probably the hardest thing a leader has to do is persuade others to comply.

10.Commitment and passion- The team looks up to you and you'll have to be
enthusiastic about that too if you want them to give their all.
11.Good communicator- As a leader you have to communicate your vision clearly to
your team and tell them the plan for achieving the goal
12.Decision-making capabilities-A leader should think long and hard before taking a
decision but stand by it once the decision is made.
13.Accountability
14.Delegation and empowerment- Provide them with all the resources and support
they need to attain the target and give them an opportunity to bear responsibility.
15.Creativity and innovation
16. Empathy

12 Different Types of Leadership Styles

1. Autocratic Leadership-

Autocratic leadership style is centered on the boss. In this leadership the leader holds all
authority and responsibility. In this leadership, leaders make decisions on their own without
consulting subordinates.
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2. Democratic Leadership

In this leadership style, subordinates are involved in making decisions. Unlike the autocratic
style, this leadership is centered on subordinates' contributions.
3. Strategic Leadership Style
Strategic leadership is one that involves a leader who is essentially the head of an
organization. The strategic leader is not limited to those at the top of the organization. This style
is geared to a wider audience at all levels who want to create a high performance life, team or
organization.
4. Transformational Leadership
Unlike other leadership styles, transformational leadership is all about initiating change in
organizations, groups, oneself and others. Transformational leaders motivate others to do more
than they originally intended and often even more than they thought possible. They set more
challenging expectations and typically achieve a higher performance.
5. Team Leadership
Team leadership involves the creation of a vivid picture of a team's future, where it is heading
and what it will stand for. The vision inspires and provides a strong sense of purpose and
direction.
6. Cross-Cultural Leadership
This form of leadership normally exists where there are various cultures in the society.
This leadership has also industrialized as a way to recognize front-runners who work in the
contemporary globalized market.
7. Facilitative Leadership
Facilitative leadership is dependent on measurements and outcomes - not a skill, although it
takes much skill to master. The effectiveness of a group is directly related to the efficacy of its
process. If the group is high functioning, the facilitative leader uses a light hand on the process.
8. Laissez-faire Leadership
Laissez-faire leadership gives authority to employees. According to azcentral, departments or
subordinates are allowed to work as they choose with minimal or no interference. According to
research, this kind of leadership has been consistently found
to be the least satisfying and least effective management style.
9. Transactional Leadership
This is a leadership style that maintains or continues the status quo. It is also the leadership
that involves an exchange process, whereby followers get immediate, tangible rewards for
carrying out the leader's orders.
10. Coaching Leadership
Coaching leadership involves teaching and supervising followers. A coaching leader is
highly operational in settings where results/performance require improvement.
11. Charismatic Leadership
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In this type of leadership, the charismatic leader manifests his or her revolutionary power.
Charisma does not mean sheer behavioral change. It actually involves a transformation of
followers' values and beliefs.
12. Visionary Leadership
This form of leadership involves leaders who recognize that the methods, steps and processes
of leadership are all obtained with and through people.

The 5 Types of Leaders

Type 1: Managerial Leader
A managerial leader is the least effective of the five types of leaders. They have the least
influence.
Here's a brief review of characteristics:
 Character is weak..

 Desire is "to be served" rather than "to serve."

 They have a scarcity mindset.

 Competency can range from undeveloped highly developed.

 Focus is on managing (directing/controlling) people and processes.

 Values the position more than the people.

 Strength comes from power, control, formal, authority, and personal results.

Type 2: Relational Leader

A relational leader builds relationships in order to influence others. People want to follow
them because of who they are, not what they know.
Here's a brief review of characteristics:
 Character is strong. Desire is to serve.

 They have an abundance mindset.

 Competency is undeveloped and generalized.

 Focus is on leading (influencing/releasing) people.

 Values people more than the position.

 Strength comes from relationships and moral authority.

Type 3: Motivational Leader

A motivational leader seeks mutual benefit for themselves, others, and the organization.
People want to follow them because of who they are and what they know.
They influence others from the outside.
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Here's a brief review of

characteristics:
 Character is strong.

 Desire is to serve.

 They have an abundant mindset.

Competency is developed and
specialized.

 Focus is on leading (influencing/releasing) people, managing the processes, and getting

results.

 Values people more than the position.

 Strength comes from relationships, moral authority, and team results.

Type 4: Inspirational Leader

An inspirational leader inspires managerial and relational leaders to become motivational
leaders. Their focus is on growing themselves in order to inspire others to grow. They influence
others on the inside. They are people-focused not process-focused.
Here's a brief review of characteristics: Character is stronger.
 Desire is to serve and develop others.

 They have an abundant mindset. Competency is highly developed and specialized.

 Focus is on leading (influencing/releasing) people and developing motivational leaders.

 Values people more than the position. Strength comes from relationships, authority, and the
growth of others.

Type 5: Transformational Leader

A transformational leader's passion and purpose is to transform others. They are the most
influential of the five types of leaders and are highly respected. Their reputation precedes them.
Here's a brief review of characteristics:
 Character is strongest.

 Desire is to serve and to develop others.

 They have an abundance mindset.

 Competency is highly developed and specialized.

 Focus is on leading (influencing/releasing) people and developing motivational and

inspirational leaders. Values people more than the position.
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 Strength comes from relationships, moral authority, growth of others, and the respect they
have earned.

Leadership Theories

1. Trait Theories

As evident from the name, these capture the universal personality traits of a Leader. The
strength of this theory is that if you can emulate the prime attributes of a Leader, then you are a
Leader.
2. Behavioral Theories

 Autocratic Leaders

 Democratic Leaders

 Laissez-faire Leaders

3. Contingency Theories

This theory understands that there is no universal trait that works for all situations.
Instead, there are exclusive traits suited to specific situations to lead it to success.
4. Power and Influence Theories

These Leadership theories target the "source" of a particular Leader's power. This
could be:
>Personal power, based on his individual skill, capabilities and expertise. (This can be
considered an extension of the Trait theory)
>Positional power, based largely on the Leader's official title, and the power, authority and
opportunities that come with it.

>Transformational power, a spin-off on personal power where the Leader uses his personal
magnetism and charisma to influence and transform others.
>Transactional power, a spin-off on positional power where the Leader understands the give
and-take nature of the situation. Accordingly, he drives for a solution that satisfies all
stakeholders.
>So what is the right Leadership theories to apply at your workforce? There is no
straightforward answer.

SIGNIFICANCE OF SELF-LEADERSHIP
Self-leadership is the first stage, or leadership level. Self-leadership is of great
importance to the staff, whether managers or ordinary subordinates.
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1.Self-leadership allows leaders or senior officers, who undergo very little or no supervision, to
prepare and set targets on their own, as well as to control their own self to execute such plans.

2.For lower-level employees or subordinates, who cannot always be sure of the kind of
governance or leaders they may face in their careers, self management enables them to become
effective and efficient workers under any leadership they may encounter, be it laissez faire, free-
rule, democratic or autocratic.
3.Self-leadership helps make individual decision makers proactive, focused, and
autonomous. People who do not have a strong sense of self leadership tend to feel that they are
not i control of themselves, frequently lose concentration and to easily get frustrated.

DEVELOPMENT OF SELF-LEADERSHIP
As mentioned earlier, everybody is a future leader. Leadership is therefore not an inborn trait,
but it is developed to become a leader through learning and training people with a sincere
interest. The following are the ways of developing self-leadership:inly qua

4. Clarity of Purpose
This means that each entity must have a vision and be able to set it up. Being your
own leader, your purpose or vision will be the foundation upon which you will build self-
leadership.
2. Aim at Success and Take Reasonable Risks

Risk-taking is a necessary part of life. Challenge yourself to take on challenging

assignments. Do not deter yourself or others from past failures rather concentrate on success.
However, risks which are applicable to your intent should be fairly measured.
3. Spend Time to Reflect on Your Life
Reflections can also mean letting others make an objective evaluation of you. Although you
remain the active doer of the things that you are doing, you may only see things from your
viewpoint.
4. Don't Tolerate Just Anything
Lite You should not risk your dream. You should learn to be intolerant to any suggestions or
ideas that don't suit your vision. This intolerance is not just toward others but also toward you.

SIMPLE WAYS TO LEAD YOURSELF

5. Know your Values and Stick to them

The ones with real values and ethics are the most trustworthy leaders. Find ideals that
reverberate with your philosophy, temperament, and creeds to become an effective leader.
2. Move Towards Purpose
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You can't be a leader unless you have a clear intention to help you through the dark times.
The aim at the end of a tunnel is like a light: a hope that keeps us going. One has to spend time
questioning the real intent or inspiration behind being a leader.
3. Keep Improving Yourself
Great leaders are working hard to improve, expand and evolve into better versions of them.
Whether you've just started leading or you've been a veteran in your place, make it a point to
learn something new by going back home.
4. Make Mistakes But Never Make The Same Mistake Twice
The only thing that sets a leader different from a great leader is that he never makes
the same mistake twice. Note also that on the back of disappointment always comes the
greatest successes.
5. Lead By Example on leading
None is easier than leading from the front. Not only is it a brave thing to do but it is a very
leading thing.
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 ACTIVITY/ EXERCISE/ ASSIGNMENT

 Summarize the learnings from the synchronous discussion through online recitation. Answer
the quiz and activities in NEO LMS.
 EQUIPMENT OR MATERIALS TO BE USED (for Face-to-face)
N/A
 PRACTICAL EXERCISES (for Face-to-face)
N/A

 SUPPLEMENTARY LEARNING MATERIALS

Modules and Lecture notes (NEO

LMS)
 REFERENCES
A. Books

Allen, J. M. & Sawhney, R. (2010). Administration and management in criminal

justice a service quality approach. SAGE Publications, Inc.
Caballero, N.S. (2021). Character formation 2: Leadership, decision making,
management, and administration. Wiseman’s Books Trading Inc.
Garcia, M.A. (2022). Character formation 2: Leadership, decision making,
management, and administration. A textbook for criminology students in the 21st
century. Wiseman’s Books Trading Inc.
Giblin, M. J. (2014). Organization and management in the criminal
justice system a text reader. SAGE Publications, Inc.
Hess, K. M. & Orthmann, C. H. (2012). Management and supervision in law
enforcement, sixth edition. Cengage Learning.
Lazo, R.S. (2011). Principles and practices of public administration in the
Philippines. 1st ed. Rex Books Store
Perez, D. W. & Barkhurst, M. (2012). Paradoxes of leadership in police
management. New York: Delmar, Cengage Learning

B. Electronic Sources

Burns, E., & Brush, K. (2020). Decision-making process. https://

www.techtarget.com/searchbusinessanalytics/definition/decision- making-
process#:~:text
=A%20decision%2Dmaking%20process%20is,set%20specific%20a ctions
%20in%20motion.
Indeed Editorial Team. (2022). 7 management styles for
effective
leadership (with examples). Indeed Career
Guide. https://www.indeed.com/career-advice/career-
development/management-styles
Martinuzzi, B. (2021). Leadership styles and how to find your own. Business Class:
Trends and Insights. https://www.americanexpress.com/en-us/business/trends-and-
insights/articles/the-7-most-common-leadership-styles-and-how-to-find-your-own/
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The 5 leadership styles you can use & how to implement each in
2022 (2022). IMD Business School. https://www.imd.org/imdreflections/
reflection-page/leadership-styles/
The decision‐making process (2015). Cliffsnotes.com.https://www.
cliffsnotes.com/study-guides/principles-of-management/decision-making- and-
problem-solving/the-decisionmaking-process
What are prominent leadership styles and frameworks you should
know? (2021).. https://www.verywellmind.com/leadership-styles-2795312