Classification of Living Things

 Learning Objectives
 Characteristics of Living Organism
 Binomial System
 Kingdoms of Life
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 1.1Characteristics of living thing

 Movement; The action causing change of position or place

 Reproduction; Produce new organism/offspring of the same kind

 Sensitivity; Detect change the change & make proper responses

 Growth; Increase in size and dry mass by increase in cell number
 Respiration; Break down of foods molecules to release energy

 Excretion; Removal of metabolic waste from the body

 Nutrition; Use substances/material from environment for energy
production
 Growth and development
• Growth: addition of mass to an organism

• Development: The process in which organism

become more complex, mature and specialize
 Reproduction
 All living things reproduce.
 Reproduction is a process by which
an organism reproduces offspring
that is similar to that organism.
 Reproduction enables and ensures
the continuity of species,
generation after generation
 Reproduction involves passing on
hereditary information to their offspring.
 Response to Stimuli
 All living things respond to stimuli.
 A stimulus is anything that can trigger a physical or behavioral change. The plural of
stimulus is stimuli.
 Living things respond to various stimuli, including: light, sound, touch, smell, and taste.
 1.2 What is classification?

• Classification is the grouping of

living organisms according to similar
structures and functions.
• The process of grouping things based on
their shared traits.
 Importance of classification

All those organisms that share same

feature are placed in one group
Easy for scientific study & research.
Biologist/ Scientist can easily identify
these organisms
 Early classification systems
Taxonomy
• Aristotle grouped organism in
animals & plants (400 BC)
 The modern classification system
Developed by Carolus Linnaeus 1735
• Kingdom
• Phylum
• Class
• Order
• Family
• Genus
• Species https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=79015wVf
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 Binomial Naming System
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• Binomial Species; Group of organisms

Nomenclature- that interbreed & produce
fertile offspring
• 2 name naming system
– Bi two
– Nom name
 The –system of 
Clature systemin which
naming
two terms are used to represent
a species of living organism. Genus; Group of related
species. Contains several
species
 First name is the organism’s genus
 Second name is the organism’s species
 Binomial Naming System

• Must be Italic/underline
• Genus has capital letter
• Species always has small letter
• Genus; Canis
• species; lupus

• Example: Panthera leo----- Lion

• Panthera tigris--- Tiger
• Panthera pardus--- Panther
Animals
 DNA as tool for modern
classification
• Classifying living things helps to identify
relationships between and within species
• New DNA technologies are changing the
scientific approach to classification
• The DNA used to identify differences and
similarities between organisms must be
nearly identical within a species and show
differences between species.
1.3 The kingdoms of living organisms
The Domains and Kingdoms

Kingdom Animals
Kingdom Plants
Kingdom Fungi
Kingdom Monera
Kingdom Protesta
 Prokaryote (Bacteria)
• Bacteria are microscopic living organisms, usually one-celled
(unicellular)
• That can be found everywhere. They can be dangerous, such as when
they cause infection, or beneficial, as a decomposition & use for
treatment.
• They constitute a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms.
• Spheres , rods and spirals in shapes
• No Nucleus, have Cell wall
• No membrane bounded organelles
1.4 Viruses (Living/Non living)
 Virology
Viruses have both properties

Can reproduce BUT inside host cell

Have genetics material (DNA/RNA)

Contain a protein coat called the capsid

Can not show any activities out side the host body
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copyright cmassengale 18
 Structure
• Some viruses are surrounded by
CAPSID
protective envelope
DNA
• Some viruses may have spikes to help
attach to the host cell
• Most viruses infect only SPECIFIC
host cells
• Viral capsids (coats) are made of
protein (capsomeres)
ENVELOPE SPIKES
Adenovirus Influenza Virus

COMMON COLD Chickenpox Virus

Smallpox
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1.5 Classification of Animals
 Vertebrates
• Have backbone and skeletal system for support
• Located inside body
 Invertebrates
• No backbone or skeleton
• Some have external support called exoskeleton
 Kingdom Animals (Heterotrophic)
• Multicellular
• Cell have Nucleus
• No Cell wall
• Feed on organic
substances ( unable to
make own foods)
• Heterotrophs
  Vertebrate Classes

 Class Fish
Live in water
Skin cover with scales
Have gills (respire)
Have fins (help the fish swim)
  Amphibians
 They breathe with lungs and gills.
 Lives on land and in water
 Their skin is smooth and moist.
 Eggs laid in water.
 Examples frogs, salamanders
  Reptiles
Their skin is dry and strong, it has scales.


 They breath with lungs.

 There skin covered with dry scales.
 They lay eggs with rubbery shells.
 Snakes, Turtles, Crocodiles, and Alligators are
reptiles.
  Birds
 Birds breathe with lungs.
 They are covered with feathers.
 They laid eggs, have beak, 4 heart
chambers
 Forelimbs have became wings
 Endothermic/warm-blooded (maintain a
constant body temperature independent)
  Mammals
 They are warm blooded/Endothermic
 Have diaphragm, placenta
 They have hairs
 4 chambers f heart
 Most give birth to live young.
 Have mammary glands to feed their young.
 Have different types of teeth (incisors, cannines, pre molar, molar)
  Arthropoda (invertebrates)
 Invertebrates with jointed legs
 Hard exoskeleton that protects the arthropod &
help in survival on land
 No backbone
  Insect
 Insects have adapted to living almost everywhere!
 Mainly terrestrial (land living)
 Three pairs of jointed legs
 Body has 3 parts: head, thorax, and abdomen.
 Breath through tracheae
 They have compound eyes. its two antennae (they feel and
smell things). On the thorax, insects have wings and legs.
usually four wings (two pairs)
  Crustaceans (Crab, woodlice and Lobster)
 Almost all crustaceans breath through gills.
 More then 4 jointed legs
 Breath through gills
  Arachnids: (Spiders, Scorpions)
 Land dwelling organism
 4 jointed legs
 Breath through gills called book lungs
  Myriapods (Centipedes and Millipedes)
 Body consist many segments
 Each segments has jointed legs
1.6 Kingdom Plants (Autotrophic)
• Plants body divided into leaves, Stems,
roots
• Multicellular organisms
• Plants have cell wall, which is made of
Cellulose
• They have green pigment known as a
Chlorophyll
• Photosynthesis take place ( they can
produce their own foods)
• E.g.: trees, mosses, flowering plants,
ferns
  Plants Classification
• Divided into Non flowering and flowering plants
• Non- flowering plants
• Plants without flowers that can reproduce are
called non flowering plants. Ex: moss, fern
• Fern
• Fern leaves is called fronds, also have have roots,
stem
• Don’t produce flowers
• Reproduce by spores
  Plants Classification
• Flowering plants
• The flowering plants (angiosperms) the most
diverse group of land plants
• From small to a very large
• (64 orders, 416 families, approximately 13,000 known genera, 300,000 species)
• They with stems, roots & leaves
• Reproduce sexually (flowers & seeds), seeds
reproduce inside the ovary
• Divided into Monocotyledonous &
Dicotyledonous
  Plants Classification
• Monocotyledonous (Monocot)
• Flowering plants, the seeds contain only one
embryonic leaf (cotyledon)
• They have parallel veins in their leaves,
• scattered vascular bundles in the stem
• Branching roots system.
  Plants Classification
• Dicotyledonous (dicot)
• They has two embryonic leaves (cotyledons) in
their seed.
• Leaves are broader then monocot
• Tap roots system
• Network of branching veins
 Plants Classification
  Kingdom Fungi (Saprophyte/Parasite)
• Multicellular
• Cell have Nuclei
• Cell wall made of
Chitin
• Do not have
Chlorophyll
• Live as
saprophyte/parasite
• EX: mushrooms, yeast,
mildew, mold
  Kingdom Protoctista
 Mixture of organism (Eukaryotic)
 Unicellular & multicellular (seaweeds)
 Have cell + Nucleus
 May have cell wall or may not
 Some feed by photosynthesis & some by other organic
substances
Animals
 Calculate magnification
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(Image)

(Real)
Calculate the magnification by using the
actual size & drawing
 Conversion of the units

1 mm = 1,000 micrometer
1 micrometer = 0.001 mm (1/1000)
 Dichotomous Key
• This is a biological tool for identification
of unknown organisms.
• A single characteristic is considered at a
time.
• Two contrasting statements are put
forward to describe the characteristics in
such a way as to separate the organisms.
 Answer the following questions
 1 minute for each MCQs

 Write your answer in copy books

 1. The diagram shows an animal.

Use the key to identify this animal.

1 body covered with scales ...................... go to 2

body covered with hair .......................... go to 3

2 has a rounded bill .................................. A

has a pointed bill ................................... B

3 has webbed feet .................................... C

does not have webbed feet ................... D
1. The diagram shows four arthropods.

Pediculus ×20 Anopheles ×10

Dermacentor ×7 Carcinus ×0.5

How many of these arthropods are insects?

A 1 B 2 C 3 D 4
 1. The diagram shows a leaf.

Use the key to identify the plant to which the leaf belongs.
 Terms to Know
• Autotrophs make own food
• Heterotrophs get food from another source
• Photosynthesis using the sun’s energy to make
own food
• Prokaryotic nucleus not enclosed; DNA flows
freely in cell
• Eukaryotic has an enclosed nucleus (where
DNA is stored)
• Locomotion means of movement; transportation
 Terms to Know
• Sessile non- moving; stationary
• Motile mobile; ability to move
• Taxonomy another word for
classification
• Nucleus cell structure that contains
DNA for reproduction; enclosed with a
membrane