Michelle P.

Yabut
GE 7 - STS Subject Facilitator
 Objectives of the Lesson

At the end of this lesson, the students should be able to:

1. discuss the paradigm shifts through history;

2. discuss how ideas postulated by Copernicus, Darwin, and Freud contributed to
the spark of scientific revolution;
3. explain the importance of scientific revolutions; and
4. articulate ways by which society is transformed by science and technology.
 What is scientific revolution?

• The Scientific Revolution was a series of events that marked the emergence of modern
science during the early modern period, when developments in mathematics, physics,
astronomy, biology and chemistry transformed the views of society about nature.

• Scientific revolution is a new way of thinking about the natural world and society that
challenged traditional views and instead relied upon experimentation and new science.
Paradigm Shift
 The Scientific Revolution

• The Scientific Revolution is traditionally assumed to start with the Copernican

Revolution (initiated in 1543) and to be complete in the "grand synthesis" of
Isaac Newton's 1687 Principia.
• a movement in the 1600s (or 1500s to 1700s) in which new technology and
innovative approaches to seeking knowledge led to a breakthrough in European
thought. (Everything was questioned; nothing was assumed.)
• Development of new ways to study universe
• Old authorities no longer blindly accepted
• Application of mathematics to natural world
• Creation and spread of new ideas and discoveries
 1. The Copernican Revolution (1543-1687)
• The Copernican Revolution is the shift in the field of astronomy from a
geocentric understanding of the universe, centered around Earth, to a
heliocentric understanding, centered around the Sun, as articulated by the
Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus in the 16th century
 The Copernican Revolution
• Geocentric Model • Heliocentric Model

Geocentrism is the model of the universe in Heliocentrism is a model of the universe

which the stationary Earth lies in the center in which the Sun lies at the center of the
of the universe and all other celestial bodies Universe and all the planets , including
orbit it. the Earth, revolve around it.
Proponent: Claudius Ptolemy Proponent: Copernicus
Claudius Ptolemy
• Lived about 150 AD in Alexandria,
Greece.
• Ptolemaic model is earth-centered, and
was not seriously challenged until the
15th century during the Renaissance.
• Platonic – his model is represented only
by math
Nicholas Copernican
• Nicholas Copernicus (1473-1543) rediscovered
the heliocentric model
• He found to his dismay that it better fit the
observed facts than the geocentric model.
• Earth is no different than any other planet
• On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres
(1543)
 More work came to confirm and describe the Heliocentric
Model
Johannes Kepler Isaac Newton
Galileo Galilei
(1571-1630) (1643-1727)
(1564 -1642)

1. With his telescope , he He introduced the idea that the His works on laws of
confirmed the heliocentric planets move in elliptical, motion and gravitation
model. rather than circular, orbits and
concluded the
that their movements in these
2. The Sun was not perfect orbits are governed by a set of Copernican Revolution.
but had spots. laws, which became known as
3. House-arrested by the Kepler's 3 laws of planetary Principia, 1687
Church motion.
 Significance of the Copernican Revolution

• The Copernican Revolution gives us an important framework

for understanding the universe. We do not occupy a special or
privileged place in the universe.
• The heliocentric model of the solar system can better predict
the motions of the celestial bodies.
• The universe and everything in it can be understood and
predicted using a set of basic physical laws.
• Copernican revolution was not only a revolution of scientific
theory, but of religious, and conceptual thought as well.
  
2. Darwinian Revolution

Charles Darwin (1809–1882)

• Darwin's idea of descent with modification explained how
species change slowly over time as they adapt to environments.
• Darwin proposed that all species descended step by step from a
single common ancestor by adapting to changing environments
or to new environments arrived at by migration.
• In Origin of Species, Darwin constructed a logical argument for
the mechanism of natural selection based on two observations
and inferences: (1) individuals in a species vary to some degree
in traits; and (2) a species produces more offspring than
actually survives to mature and reproduce.
• Individuals with traits better suited to their environments are
more likely to survive and reproduce; therefore, their offspring
are more likely to inherit these adaptive traits.
 Darwinian Revolution

Old Belief Darwin’ Theory

• A “designer” had created each • New species arise naturally through a
species for its intended place in the process of evolution
economy of nature.  • Evolution as "descent with modification,"
• God created an infinite and the idea that species change over time, give
rise to new species, and share a common
continuous series of life forms, from ancestor.
simplest to most complex.
• The differences between humans and apes
• Carolus Linnaeus classified were of degree, not of kind. Humans and
systematically the living things orangutans clearly shared a common
without analyzing why they came ancestor, and the evidence endures today in
that way. our bodies and behaviors.
 3. Freudian Revolution
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)
• People determined by their instincts
• Life instinct: sex (libido)
• Death instinct: aggression, self-destruction
Freud: the Psyche/personality
• Id: the raw instincts- hunger, self-defense, sex
drives
• Ego: the real self , bridge between id and superego
• Superego: the “conscience” that manages the ego
according to social standards and morality
 Freudian Revolution

Old Belief New Belief

• Psychology is an art. • Psychology is a science.
• Philosophy and supernatural • Psychoanalysis explains human
• To treat a mentally disturbed behavior which is affected by 3
person is to physically conflicting elements: id, ego
intervene his brain. and superego.
• Psychoanalysis can be a clinical
method in treating some
mental disorders.
 "The illiterate of the 21st century will not be those who
cannot read and write but those who cannot learn, unlearn and relearn."

- Alvin Toffler

------------------------------------------ End of lecture-----------------------------------------------

 Module Output
1. Aside from the three intellectual revolutions discussed in Module 2, other scientific/intellectual revolutions
also took place across history in many parts of the world such as Asia, Middle East, and Africa. Research on
a particular intellectual revolution that took place in any of the four geographical locations mentioned. Use
the following guide questions for your presentation. (5 points)
A. What is the revolution all about?
B. Who are the key proponents of the revolution?
C. How did the revolution advance modern science and scientific thinking at that time?
D. What controversies met the revolution?

2. Why are scientific revolutions important? (5 points)

3. Explain one specific example by which society is transformed by science and technology with the help
of scientific revolutions. (5 points)

4. Discuss the information revolution that led to Information Age. (5 points)

 Scientific Revolution:
Breakthroughs in Medicine
(and the human body)
* Galen – Greek (or, Roman) physician and
surgeon (2nd Century A.D.) who made early
contributions to the understanding of
anatomy, physiology and neurology…

* Focused on animal dissection, rather

than human, to formulate ideas on the human
anatomy – his teachings dominated until the
Middle Ages… *
* The circulatory system consisted of two separate one-way systems of distribution (rather than a single unified system of
circulation).
* Venous blood was generated in the liver, from where it was distributed and consumed by all organs of the body –
Arterial blood originated in the heart, from where it was distributed and consumed by all organs of the body.
 Scientific Revolution:
Breakthroughs in Medicine
(and the human body)
* Andreas Vesalius’ On the Fabric of the
Human Body (published in 1543) presents an
accurate examination of the organs and the
complete structure (bones and muscle) of the
human body

* Vesalius is often referred to as the founder

of modern human anatomy!

* THINK: Why was Vesalius able to gain an

understanding of the human anatomy where Galen was
not?
 Scientific Revolution:
Breakthroughs in Medicine
(and the human body)

* William Harvey publishes On the Motion

of the Heart and Blood (1628)

* The heart acts as pump to circulate

blood throughout the body – the same
blood flows through veins and arteries…
 Francis Bacon and…

The Scientific Method

* MAIN IDEA: scientists came to believe that REASON is
main source of ALL knowledge..

* REASON is the capacity for consciously making sense of things, applying logic,
for establishing and verifying facts, changing or justifying practices, institutions, and
beliefs based on NEW information!
 Francis Bacon and…

The Scientific Method

* What is it?
…It is a step-by-step, repeatable process for collecting and
analyzing data and coming to new conclusions (systematic
procedure).

* EXPLAINED by Francis Bacon (1622)

* Believed in the use of INDUCTIVE

REASONING

“If a man will begin with certainties, he shall end in

doubts; but if he will be content to begin with doubts,
he shall end in certainties.”
 Francis Bacon and…

The Scientific Method

* Inductive reasoning…
1.) Free mind from previous opinions that might distort the truth
2.) Start with detailed facts and proceed to general principles

* Inductive reasoning DRIVES the Scientific Revolution!

* Bacon wanted science to advance human life with new discoveries
(Science could benefit industry, agriculture and trade)

INDUCTIVE vs. DEDUCTIVE

Reasoning
 How does a scientist come
to a conclusion?
* The SCIENTIFIC PROCESS!
Step 1: make an observation (observe a natural
event)
Step 2: formulate a hypothesis (a theory or
possible explanation for the event)
Step 3: test the hypothesis (perform
organized experiments to test theory)
Step 4: analyze results from test (draw
conclusions)

* GENERAL PRINCIPLE *
* Step 5: change the hypothesis (if
necessary)