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Chapter 6

The document discusses various aspects of transport layer protocols including services provided, primitives, sockets, addressing, connection establishment and release, flow control, multiplexing, congestion control, and performance issues. It provides details on TCP and UDP including their operation, headers, and mechanisms to improve performance for gigabit networks.

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PETRIUC MIHAI
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
49 views

Chapter 6

The document discusses various aspects of transport layer protocols including services provided, primitives, sockets, addressing, connection establishment and release, flow control, multiplexing, congestion control, and performance issues. It provides details on TCP and UDP including their operation, headers, and mechanisms to improve performance for gigabit networks.

Uploaded by

PETRIUC MIHAI
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Capitolul 6

Nivelul Transport
The Transport Service
• Services Provided to the Upper Layers
• Transport Service Primitives
• Berkeley Sockets
Services Provided to the Upper Layers

The network, transport, and application layers.


Transport Service Primitives

The primitives for a simple transport service.


Transport Service Primitives (2)

The nesting of TPDUs, packets, and frames.


Berkeley Sockets

The socket primitives for TCP.


Elements of Transport Protocols

• Addressing
• Connection Establishment
• Connection Release
• Flow Control and Buffering
• Multiplexing
• Crash Recovery
Transport Protocol

(a) Environment of the data link layer.


(b) Environment of the transport layer.
Addressing

TSAPs, NSAPs and transport connections.


Connection Establishment

How a user process in host 1 establishes a connection


with a time-of-day server in host 2.
Connection Establishment (2)

(a) TPDUs may not enter the forbidden region.


(b) The resynchronization problem.
Connection Establishment (3)

Three protocol scenarios for establishing a connection using a


three-way handshake. CR denotes CONNECTION REQUEST.
(a) Normal operation,
(b) Old CONNECTION REQUEST appearing out of nowhere.
(c) Duplicate CONNECTION REQUEST and duplicate ACK.
Connection Release

Abrupt disconnection with loss of data.


Connection Release (2)

The two-army problem.


Connection Release (3)

6-14, a, b

Four protocol scenarios for releasing a connection. (a) Normal case of a


three-way handshake. (b) final ACK lost.
Connection Release (4)

6-14, c,d

(c) Response lost. (d) Response lost and subsequent DRs lost.
Flow Control and Buffering

(a) Chained fixed-size buffers. (b) Chained variable-sized buffers.


(c) One large circular buffer per connection.
Multiplexing

(a) Upward multiplexing. (b) Downward multiplexing.


The Internet Transport Protocols: UDP

• Introduction to UDP
• Remote Procedure Call
• The Real-Time Transport Protocol
Introduction to UDP

The UDP header.


Remote Procedure Call

Steps in making a remote procedure call. The stubs are shaded.


The Real-Time Transport Protocol

(a) The position of RTP in the protocol stack. (b) Packet nesting.
The Internet Transport Protocols: TCP
• Introduction to TCP
• The TCP Service Model
• The TCP Protocol
• The TCP Segment Header
• TCP Connection Establishment
• TCP Connection Release
• TCP Connection Management Modeling
• TCP Transmission Policy
• TCP Congestion Control
• TCP Timer Management
• Wireless TCP and UDP
• Transactional TCP
The TCP Service Model

Port Protocol Use


21 FTP File transfer
23 Telnet Remote login
25 SMTP E-mail
69 TFTP Trivial File Transfer Protocol
79 Finger Lookup info about a user
80 HTTP World Wide Web
110 POP-3 Remote e-mail access
119 NNTP USENET news

Some assigned ports.


The TCP Service Model (2)

(a) Four 512-byte segments sent as separate IP datagrams.


(b) The 2048 bytes of data delivered to the application in a single READ
CALL.
The TCP Segment Header

TCP Header.
TCP Connection Establishment

6-31

(a) TCP connection establishment in the normal case.


(b) Call collision.
TCP Connection Management Modeling

The states used in the TCP connection management finite state machine.
TCP Transmission Policy

Window management in TCP.


TCP Congestion Control

(a) A fast network feeding a low capacity receiver.


(b) A slow network feeding a high-capacity receiver.
TCP Congestion Control (2)

An example of the Internet congestion algorithm.


TCP Timer Management

(a) Probability density of ACK arrival times in the data link layer.
(b) Probability density of ACK arrival times for TCP.
Wireless TCP and UDP

Splitting a TCP connection into two connections.


Transitional TCP

(a) RPC using normal TPC.


(b) RPC using T/TCP.
Performance Issues

• Performance Problems in Computer Networks


• Network Performance Measurement
• System Design for Better Performance
• Fast TPDU Processing
• Protocols for Gigabit Networks
Performance Problems in Computer Networks

The state of transmitting one megabit from San Diego to Boston


(a) At t = 0, (b) After 500 μsec, (c) After 20 msec, (d) after 40 msec.
Network Performance Measurement

The basic loop for improving network performance.


1. Measure relevant network parameters, performance.
2. Try to understand what is going on.
3. Change one parameter.
System Design for Better Performance
Rules:
1. CPU speed is more important than network speed.
2. Reduce packet count to reduce software overhead.
3. Minimize context switches.
4. Minimize copying.
5. You can buy more bandwidth but not lower delay.
6. Avoiding congestion is better than recovering from it.
7. Avoid timeouts.
System Design for Better Performance (2)

Response as a function of load.


System Design for Better Performance (3)

Four context switches to handle one packet


with a user-space network manager.
Fast TPDU Processing

The fast path from sender to receiver is shown with a heavy line.
The processing steps on this path are shaded.
Fast TPDU Processing (2)

(a) TCP header. (b) IP header. In both cases, the shaded fields are taken
from the prototype without change.
Protocols for Gigabit Networks

Time to transfer and acknowledge a 1-megabit file over a 4000-km line.

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