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Lesson 2

This document discusses methods of philosophizing and determining truth. It provides examples of statements and how to evaluate whether they are facts or opinions. Philosophers use various methods to address philosophical questions and determine truth, including systematic doubt, justification through senses and facts, consensus, proving claims through actions, and subjecting beliefs to tests. Determining truth lies at the heart of philosophical inquiry. The document encourages applying these methods to evaluate statements about oneself.

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Shirwin Oliverio
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91 views

Lesson 2

This document discusses methods of philosophizing and determining truth. It provides examples of statements and how to evaluate whether they are facts or opinions. Philosophers use various methods to address philosophical questions and determine truth, including systematic doubt, justification through senses and facts, consensus, proving claims through actions, and subjecting beliefs to tests. Determining truth lies at the heart of philosophical inquiry. The document encourages applying these methods to evaluate statements about oneself.

Uploaded by

Shirwin Oliverio
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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METHODS OF

PHILOSOPHIZING
QUARTER 1 – LESSON 2
In today’s society, we encounter a lot of information from
various sources such as the media and our interactions with
friends, family, and members of the community. Most of the
information we receive is helpful, but some may mislead us or
may even be utterly false. These kinds of information often have
a negative impact on our lives.

Philosophy is concerned with determining truth since it lies at the heart of


any inquiry. The discussion on truth is part of philosophical studies on
knowledge where philosophers explore the nature of knowledge and the
ways of knowing.
MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING COMPETENCY:

• Distinguish opinion from truth (PPT11/12-Ic-2.1)


In the previous lesson, you learned about Holistic and Partial
Thinking in Philosophy. Moreover, you were also able to see the
value of Philosophizing in achieving a broad understanding of
your life. In this lesson, you will learn about the various ways of
evaluating our own opinions. Moreover, you will also learn to
distinguish between facts and opinions, and reflect on concrete
experiences in a philosophical way, in order to come up with
sound decisions.
ACTIVITY
• Read the statements below and imagine that you are part of the conversation.
How will you react to the statements given?
• Philosophical method (or philosophical methodology) is the study of
how to do Philosophy
• A common view among philosophers is that Philosophy is
distinguished by the ways that philosophers follow in addressing
philosophical questions.
• There is not just one method that philosophers use to answer
philosophical questions. Philosophy is concerned with determining the
concept of truth.
• Truth lies at the heart of any inquiry.
• Truth, in metaphysics and the philosophy of language, is the property of
sentences, assertions, beliefs, thoughts, propositions that are said, in
ordinary discourse, to agree with the facts or to state what the case is.
• It is most often used to mean being in accord with fact or reality, or
fidelity to an original or standard.
• Truth is also sometimes defined in modern contexts as an idea of “truth
to self”, or authenticity.
PHILOSOPHY WAS BORN OUT OF MEN’S DESIRE TO KNOW, TO INTERPRET, AND TO UNDERSTAND THE WORLD .
IT CAME INTO BEING FROM A PERSISTENT ATTEMPT TO ARRIVE AT A REAL KNOWLEDGE, HENCE AT TRUTH.
IN DISCUSSING TRUTH IT IS IMPORTANT TO CLARIFY KNOWLEDGE SINCE IT IS TROUGH KNOWLEDGE THAT
WERE ABLE TO DETERMINE WHAT IS TRUE.

Let’s explore your knowledge by completing the following statements


I KNOW THAT
I KNOW WHY - KNOWLEDGE – PERTAINS TO IDEAS AND BELIEF THAT WE KNOW TO BE TRUE
I KNOW HOW

These statements correspond to what is based on reality. This simply means that we know what is
observable or evident in the real world. For example, “I know that fishes live in water” because fishes do
live in water. Propositions or statements which are observed to be real or truthful are considered facts.

There are statements, however, that are not evidently or immediately known to be true. For example, “I
know that my school is the best school in the city”. This statement cannot be taken as true since it is
simply not immediately evident. This statement is a claim, and further examination is required to establish
whether it is true or false. Therefore, truthful statements can be considered as based on facts.
HOW DO WE KNOW THAT SOMETHING IS TRUE?
BASIS OF DETERMINING TRUTH BY ROBERTO AVILLA
1. A belief is true if it can be justified or proven through the use of once senses.

Example, stating the very obvious things we know about ourselves


I am alive Am I alive?
I have a body Do I have a body?
I can breathCan I breath?
DOUBT
Do you believe that these statements apply to you? “But of course!” you will say. But as philosophers, we do not
assume that every statement is true. In philosophy, systematic doubt is employed to help determine the truth. This
means that every statement, claim, evidence, and experience is scrutinized and analyzed. Doubt has a very
important purpose in philosophy as it drives our desire to discover the truth. Now let’s apply systematic doubt and
revise the statements to make them easier to scrutinize and analyze by rewriting the statements into questions.
If your answer YES to all theses questions then we can conclude with certainty that theses statements about
yourself is true.
2. A belief or statement is true if it is based on facts.
Example:
If you claim that you are a Filipino then you have to use all the facts that will
guide you in searching for truth.

I am a Filipino - dictionary and look up for the word Filipino (we assumed that
what is stated in the dictionary is the actual meaning of word. If the definition applies to
you, then it simply means that you are a Filipino.

3. Getting a consensus or having people agree on a common belief.


this approach has certain limitations. Getting every one to agree on something
may not make the belief true. However you may use other evidence to determine its
veracity or truthfulness.
4. A statement should be proven through an action to determine its truth.
If you brag about your skills in baking cake, you should know how to do it and the
quality of the product will speak about itself.

5. Claims and beliefs should be subjected to tests to determine the truth.


Any claim should be subjected to test to prove its validity.
Example:
When you say that you understand the lesson well then one way to prove it is if
you pass the test.

Remember that truth lies in the heart of any inquiry. Discovering


APPLICATION
• Determine the truthfulness of the statement. Apply a systematic doubt in
answering the statement.

I am a good student
I am good son/daughter
I am a good citizen
ASSESSMENT

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