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1.2 Operating System Structure

1. Operating system structures can take three main forms: monolithic, layered, and virtual machines. 2. In a monolithic system all OS components are contained in the kernel and can directly communicate. Layered systems group similar functions into layers that communicate through standardized interfaces. 3. Virtual machine OSs support running multiple guest operating systems simultaneously on a single host machine by allocating virtual resources to each virtual machine. This provides isolation but reduces direct resource sharing.

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92 views21 pages

1.2 Operating System Structure

1. Operating system structures can take three main forms: monolithic, layered, and virtual machines. 2. In a monolithic system all OS components are contained in the kernel and can directly communicate. Layered systems group similar functions into layers that communicate through standardized interfaces. 3. Virtual machine OSs support running multiple guest operating systems simultaneously on a single host machine by allocating virtual resources to each virtual machine. This provides isolation but reduces direct resource sharing.

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syedbasit89
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1.

2 Operating System Structure

1. Monolithic System
The earliest and most common OS architecture. Every component of OS contained in the kernel and can directly communicate with any other (i.e by using function call). The kernel typically executes with unrestricted access to the computer system (refer next diagram)

1. Monolithic System
Application

User Space System Call Interface Kernel MM I/O PS Net IPC FS Kernel Space

MM- Memory management PS- Process scheduler IPC- Interprocess communictaion FS- File System I/O- Input Output manager Net- Network manager

. . .

2. Layered System
To overcome the issue of monolithic architecture by grouping components that performs similar functions into layers Each layer communicates with those above and below it. Lower-level layers provide services to higher-level layer using interfaces that hide their implementation Layer OS are more modular than monolithic OS because the implementation of each layer can be modified without requiring any modification to other layers

2. Layered System
Each component hides how it performs its job and presents a standard interface that other components can use to request its services In a layer approach, a user processs request may need to pass through many layers before it is services Early example of layer OS is THE (Technische Hogeschool Eindhoven) Many of todays OS including Windows XP and Linux implement some level of layering. Main advantage is simplicity of

2. Layered System
user User space Kernel space
Layer 4 Layer 3 Layer 2 Layer 1 Layer 0

User applications I/O Management Operator process communication Memory management Processor allocation and multiprogramming Hardware

The OS is divided into a number of layers (levels) The bottom layer (layer 0), is the hardware. The highest (layer N) is the user interface.

Layers of THE Operating System

3. Virtual Machines OS
Virtual Machine OS is to support concurrent execution of different operating system on a computer .
The resources of the physical computer are shared to create the virtual machines. CPU scheduling can create the appearance that users have their own processor. Spooling and a file system can provide virtual card readers and virtual line printers. A normal user time-sharing terminal serves as the virtual machine

3. Virtual Machines OS

Non-virtual Machine

Virtual Machine

A d va n ta g e s: p ro vi e s co m p l te p ro te cti n o f syste m d e o re so u rce s. E a ch vi a lm a ch i e i i l te d rtu n s so a fro m a l th e r vi a lm a ch i e s. lo rtu n p e rfe ct ve h i e fo r o p e ra ti g -syste m s R N D . cl n S yste m d e ve l p m e n t i d o n e o n th e vi a l o s rtu m a ch i e , i ste a d o f o n a p h ysi l n n ca m a ch i e . S o d o e s n o t d i p t n o rm a l n sru syste m o p e ra ti n . o Disadvantages: This isolation permits no direct sharing of resources. D i cu l to i p l m e n t due to the effort ffi t m e

3. Advantages & Disadvantages of Virtual Machine OS

4. Client-Server Model
Is one of the extended machine

Network Operating System (NOS)


NOS is the system software of a local area network (LAN) that integrates the network's hardware components, usually adequate for connecting up to 50 workstations. Included such features as a menu-driven administration interface, tape backup of fileserver software, security restrictions, facilities for sharing printers, central storage of application programs and databases, remote log-in via modem, and support for discuss workstations. A network operating system establishes and maintains the connection between the workstations and the file server; the physical connections alone aren't sufficient to support networking.

Network Operating System (NOS)


2 type of NOS :
Peer to pear Client Server

Example of NOS operating system


Microsoft Windows (Workgroups) Microsoft Windows NT Server

Open Source vsClosed Source OS


Open Source User can get the source code Allow user can modify and change it, :following ,the Example Ubuntu RedHat guidelines in the accompanying Owner : LINUX license Closed Source Sourcecode - is held by the developer Only developer can make any changes or study on it Vista, Windows NT, Windows Microsoft the owner and developer of Windows

Terminologies in OS
Cooperative multitasking Preemptive multitasking Multithreading

Terminologies in OS : Cooperative Multitasking


A type of multitasking in which the process currently controlling the CPU must offer control to other processes. It is called cooperative because all programs must cooperate for it to work

Terminologies in OS : Preemptive Multitasking

Terminologies in OS : Multithreading

Three Major Component of Operating System


Process Management File Management Memory Management

Process Management

File Management

Memory Management

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