VOLCANOES

Grade 9, Module 3 Lesson 1.1

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What is a volcano?
• A volcano is a mountain
where lava (hot, liquid
rock) comes from a magma
chamber under the
ground. A volcano usually
has a summit, a slope and
base.
• Most volcanoes have a
volcanic crater at the top.
When they are active,
materials pour out of it.
This includes lava, steam,
gaseous compounds of
sulphur, ash and broken rock
pieces.
Volcanoes erupt when
magma and pressure
come together, and the
pressure blows off the top
of the solid rock, and the
magma pours out.
Types of Volcanoes:
SHIELD VOLCANOES
• Shield volcanoes are built out
of layers of lava from
continual eruptions (without
explosions). Because the lava
is so fluid, it spreads out,
often over a wide area.
Shield volcanoes do not grow
to a great height, and the
layers of lava spread out to
give the volcano gently
sloping sides. Shield
volcanoes can produce huge
areas of basalt, which is
usually what lava is when
cooled.
Even though their sides are not very steep, shield volcanoes
can be huge. Mauna Kea in Hawaii is the biggest mountain on
Earth. If it is measured from its base on the floor of the sea,
Mauna Kea is even taller than Mount Everest, the tallest
mountain on land.
STRATOVOLCANOES
• A stratovolcano, also known as a
composite volcano, is a tall,
conical volcano. It is built up of
many layers of hardened lava,
tephra, pumice, and volcanic ash.
• Unlike shield volcanoes,
stratovolcanoes have a steep
profile and periodic eruptions.
The lava that flows from
stratovolcanoes cools and
hardens before spreading far. It is
sticky, that is, it has high
viscosity.).
1. MT FUJI IS ACTUALLY A STRATOVOLCANO!
Not only is it one volcano – it’s three! The mount is three
separate volcanoes placed on top of one another. The bottom
layer is the Komitake volcano, then the Kofuji volcano, then Fuji,
which is the youngest.
2. ITS SHAPE IS UNIQUE
Mt. Fuji has a very distinctive cone shape, which is very unusual
for a volcano.
3. THERE IS ONLY A SMALL WINDOW TO TREK
MT. FUJI
If you have opted for the ACTION post event tour and are off up
Mt. Fuji, you have hit the jackpot! The climbing season is VERY
SHORT; it starts at the beginning of July until the last week in
August!
4. MT. FUJI IS THE TALLEST
MOUNTAIN IN JAPAN!
Geographically, Mt. Fuji is the tallest mountain in Japan and
stands at 3,776 metres (12,380 feet).

5. A MONK WAS THE FIRST TO

CLIMB MT. FUJI
The first known ascent of Mt. Fuji was in 663 by a monk. The Mt.
was commonly climbed my men. However, women were not
allowed to climb until the 19th century! The first woman to
ascent was Lady Fanny Parkes in 1867.
6. MT. FUJI HAS A MILITARY
BACKGROUND
The volcano is also known for being home of the warrior culture in
Japan – the Samurais used the area for training. More recently,
military camps from both Japan and the USA have operated from
Mt. Fuji.
7. MT. FUJI IS STILL ACTIVE!
Mt Fuji is indeed still active. Although, the last time it erupted was
in 1707, over 300 years ago!
8. CLIMBING MT. FUJI COULD BE EASIER
THANK YOU THINK!
It would take the average person between 4 and 8 hours to trek
the summit – piece of cake!
9. DONATIONS ARE WELCOME!
Whilst you can trek the mount for free, the Shizuoka &
Yamanashi government started accepting donations of 1,000
Yen in 2013, to fund the area for conservation.

10. INFLUENCE ON JAPANESE CULTURE

The unique shape of Mt. Fuji has influenced much of Japanese
culture. It has been the inspiration to Japanese poetry, music
and art. The artist Katsushika Hokusai has painted 36 views of
Mt. Fuji.
CALDERA • A caldera is what is
left when a huge
stratovolcano blows
its top off. It leaves a
crater where the top
of the volcano was
before. Krakatoa, best
known for its
catastrophic eruption
in 1883, is much
smaller now.
TAAL VOLCANO
 How are volcanoes formed?
There are two main processes.
1. Volcanoes are made when two tectonic plates come together.
When these two plates meet, one of them (usually the oceanic
plate) goes under the continental plate. This is the process of
subduction. Afterwards, it melts and makes magma (inside the
magma chamber), and the pressure builds up until the magma
bursts through the Earth's crust.
Taal Volcano Facts
To summarize everything, here are some key
takeaways about Taal.
1. It is the Philippines’ second-most active
volcano.
2. The volcano is one of the smallest volcanoes
in the world.
3. It’s considered as one of the world’s deadliest
volcanoes.
4. Tawilis can be found only in Lake Taal.
5. Taal Volcano is in Batangas, not Tagaytay.
The second way is when a tectonic plate moves over a
hot spot in the Earth's crust. The hot spot works its way
through the crust until it breaks through. The caldera of
Yellowstone Park was formed in that way; so were the
Hawaiian Islands.
FORMATION OF VOLCANOES
http://youtu.be/6Z4as_imJfM
 Classification of Volcanoes
A traditional way to classify or identify volcanoes
is by its pattern of eruptions. Those volcanoes
which may erupt again at any time are called
active. Those that are now quiet called dormant
(inactive). Those volcanos which have not
erupted in historical times are called extinct.
 ACTIVE VOLCANOES
• An active volcano is currently
erupting, or it has erupted in the
last 10,000 years. An example of an
active volcano is Mount St. Helens in
the United States (US).
 DORMANT VOLCANOES
• A dormant volcano is "sleeping,"
but it could awaken in the
future. Mount Rainier in the
United States is considered
dormant.
 EXTINCT VOLCANOES

• An extinct volcano has not erupted

in the past 10,000 years.
Mount Guinsiliban in Camiguin
Island
What determines the nature of eruption?

• There are many primary factors affecting

the volcanoes eruptive style, namely:
 the magma’s temperature,
 its chemical composition,
 the amount of dissolved gases it
contains.
 These factors can affect the
magma’s viscosity in different way.
 VISCOSITY
• VISCOSITY is the property of the
material’s resistance to flow. It is
also described as the liquid’s
thickness and stickiness. The more
viscous and thicker the material is, the
greater is its resistance to flow.
 Lava with low amount of
gas as it rises has high
viscosity that piles up at a
vent resulting into a dome.

Lava with less silica

content is too viscous to
travel far, and tends to
break up as it flows

Lava with less silica

content has less silica
content has low viscosity
that it can travel a great
distance, forming a thin
sheet
 Volcanic Eruption
• Eruption of Mayon Volcano last 2006 in Albay,
Philippines
http://youtu.be/MEI1BTjxmok
• Eruption of Mt. Kilauea in Hawaii, USA
http://youtu.be/488BkTUsMa4
 Types of Volcanic Eruption
• PHREARIC OR
HYDROTHERMAL
- is a stream-driven
eruption, as the hot rocks
come in contact with water.
It is short lived
characterized by ash
columns but may be an
onset for a larger eruption.
Example is Taal
volcano Batangas
the right)
• PHREATOMAGMATIC
- is a violent eruption due
to the contact between
water and magma. As a
result, a large column of
very fine ash, high speed
and side-way emission of
phyroclatics called based
surges are observed.
Example is the eruption of
Mt. Fukutoku-Okanoba in
Bonin Islands, Japan
• STROMBOLIAN
- a weak to
periodic
violent eruption
characterized
fountain lava. Exampleby
is Mt. Irazu Eruption in
Costa Rica
• VULCANIAN
- characterized by tall
eruption coulmns that
reach up to 20 km
high with pyroclastic
flow and ash fall
tephra. Example is
Mt. Paricutin in
Mexico.
• PLINIAN
-excessively explosive
type of eruption of gas
and pyroclastics.
Example is Mt. Pinatubo
in Zambales.
Examples of Volcanoes
found in the
Philippines
 Suggested Videos
• Naked Science: Volcanoes (it provides
discussion about the formation of new
volcanoes in Yellowstone National Park, USA)
http://youtu.be/G1pa6afh8o4
• BBC: Iceland Volcanoes Erupts (it shows
eruption of Iceland volcanoes, its effects and
how people in Iceland adapts and survive
along the volcanic areas)
http://youtu.be/MlH7pCK4H-s