DNA COMPUTING
BY-MAYANK PRATAP SINGH DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRO. & COMMU. 3RD YEAR GLA INST. OF TECH. & MGMT.
Conception
Moores Law states that silicon microprocessors double in complexity roughly every two years. One day this will no longer hold true when miniaturisation limits are reached. Intel scientists say it will happen in about the year 2018. Require a successor to silicon.
Current Problems
In the words of Dr. Leonard Adleman, we simply cannot, at this time, control molecules with the deftness that electrical engineers and physicists control electrons. Use of biochips in human bodies may generate opposition from technophobes.
What is DNA?
DNA stands for Deoxyribonucleic Acid DNA represents the genetic blueprint of living creatures DNA contains instructions for assembling cells Every cell in human body has a complete set of DNA DNA is unique for each individual
Uniqueness of DNA
Why is DNA a Unique Computational Element??? Extremely dense information storage. Enormous parallelism. Extraordinary energy efficiency.
Can DNA Compute?
DNA itself does not carry out any computation. It rather acts as a massive memory. BUT, the way complementary bases react with each other can be used to compute things. Proposed by Adelman in 1994
Instructions in DNA
Sequence to indicate the start of an instruction
Instruction that triggers Hormone injection
Instruction for hair cells
Instructions are coded in a sequence of the DNA bases A segment of DNA is exposed, transcribed and translated to carry out instructions
Evolution of the DNA computer
Began in 1994 when Dr. Leonard Adleman wrote the paper Molecular computation of solutions to combinatorial problems. He then carried out this experiment successfully although it took him days to do so!
Evolution of the DNA computer Cont...
DNA computers moved from test tubes onto gold plates. First practical DNA computer unveiled in 2002. Used in gene analysis.
Evolution of the DNA computer Cont...
Self-powered DNA computer unveiled in 2003.
First programmable autonomous computing machine in which the input, output, software and hardware were all made of DNA molecules. Can perform a billion operations per second with 99.8% accuracy.
Operations
Melting:-breaking the weak hydrogen bonds in a double helix to form two DNA strands which are complement to each other Annealing:-reconnecting the hydrogen bonds between complementary DNA strands Merging:-mixing two test tubes with many DNA molecules Amplification:-DNA replication to make many copies of the original DNA molecules Selection:-elimination of errors (e.g. mutations) and selection of correct DNA molecules
The Smallest Computer
The smallest programmable DNA computer was developed at Weizmann Institute in Israel by Prof. Ehud Shapiro last year It uses enzymes as a program that processes on on the input data (DNA molecules).
Specifications
One pound of DNA has the capability to store more information than all the electronic computers ever built. One cm3 of DNA can hold approximately 10 terabytes of data DNA computer the size of a teardrop would be more powerful than the worlds most powerful supercomputer
Advantages of DNA computers
There is always a plentiful supply of it. Since there is a plentiful supply, it is a cheap resource. DNA biochips can be made cleanly, unlike the toxic materials used to make traditional microprocessors. DNA computers can be made many times smaller than today's computers. DNA computers are massively parallel in their computation.
Current problems with the DNA computer
DNA computers are not completely accurate at this moment in time.
During an operation, there is a 95% chance a particular DNA molecule will compute correctly. Would cause a problem with a large amount of operations.
DNA has a half-life.
Solutions could dissolve away before the end result is found.
Environment compatibility
Intrapsychic Already complies since it has been conceptualised! Construction/manufacture This will be answered in time. Adoption Should inherit customer base of silicon computers. Use Already seen the potential for this. Failure Inherits this from silicon microprocessors. Scrapping Cleaner to dispose of than current microprocessors. Political/ecological Could face opposition from technophobes
Conclusion
DNA computers showing enormous potential, especially for medical purposes as well as data processing applications. Still a lot of work and resources required to develop it into a fully fledged product. It will not replace the current computers because it is application specific, but has a potential to replace the high-end research oriented computers in future.
THANKS
Presented By:Mayank Pratap Singh EC 3rd year GLA Institute of Technology And Management FOR YOUR PATIENCE Mathura
