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Lecture 4.5# Acfundamentals

The document discusses fundamentals of alternating current (AC), including: - AC voltage is generated as sinusoidal waves by power plants and distributed worldwide. - Key definitions include waveform, instantaneous value, peak amplitude, frequency, period, phase, and root-mean-square (RMS) value. - RMS value is the effective value of AC and can be calculated using the analytical method by taking the square root of the mean of the squares of the instantaneous current values over one cycle. RMS value is 0.707 times the peak value.

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burhan
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30 views

Lecture 4.5# Acfundamentals

The document discusses fundamentals of alternating current (AC), including: - AC voltage is generated as sinusoidal waves by power plants and distributed worldwide. - Key definitions include waveform, instantaneous value, peak amplitude, frequency, period, phase, and root-mean-square (RMS) value. - RMS value is the effective value of AC and can be calculated using the analytical method by taking the square root of the mean of the squares of the instantaneous current values over one cycle. RMS value is 0.707 times the peak value.

Uploaded by

burhan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Alternating Current

(ac)
Fundamentals
Alternating Current (ac) Fundamentals

• Reasons for concentrating on sinusoidal voltage


• Voltage generated by utilities throughout the world is ac and
• Its application in electrical, electronic, communication, and
industrial systems
• Sinusoidal ac voltages are available from a variety of
sources.

• Common source is the typical home outlet, which provides an


ac voltage that originates at a power plant; such a power plant
is most fueled by waterpower, oil, gas, or nuclear fission.

• Different forms of ac
Alternating Current (ac) Fundamentals: Definitions
•Waveform: The path traced by a
quantity, such as the voltage in Fig.
plotted as a function of some
Variable such as time, position,
degrees, radians, and so on

•Instantaneous value (e1): The


magnitude of a waveform at any
Sine wave
instant of time.

•Peak amplitude (E m): The maximum value of a


waveform as measured from its average or
mean value. It is the maximum value, positive
or negative, of an alternating quantity.

Cosine wave
Alternating Current (ac) Fundamentals: Definitions

•Peak-to-peak value (E ): The


P-P

maximum value of a waveform


from positive to negative peaks.
m
•Periodic waveform: A wavefor
that continually repeats itself after
the same time interval.
Waveform of Fig. is a periodic
waveform.
•Cycle: One complete set of positive and negative values of
alternating quantity is known as a cycle.

•Period (T or T ): The time taken by an alternating quantity to


1 2 complete
one cycle is called its time period T. For example, a 50 Hz
alternating current has a time period of 1/50 seconds.
•Frequency: The number of cycles that occur in 1 s. The unit of
General form of ac current or voltage

The basic mathematical form for


sinusoidal waveform is
y = Am sin = Am sin t … (5.1)
Here , Am = amplitude
 = angular frequency
t = time
= angular distance
y = instantaneous
value
•Valid when the waveform passes
through origin.

•If the wave form shifted to the right or


left of 0, the expression becomes

y = A sin  = A sin (t  )


General form of ac current or voltage
The basic mathematical form for
sinusoidal waveform is
y = A sin  = A sin t … (5.1)

•Valid when the waveform passes


through origin.
•If the wave form shifted to the right or
left of 0, the expression becomes
y = A sin = A sin (t  )
•If the waveform passes through the
horizontal axis with a positive slope
before 0, expression is
y = A sin = A sin (t + ) … (5.3)
• If passes after 0 with negative ….
slope expression is
y = A sin = A
General form of ac current or voltage
The basic mathematical form for
sinusoidal waveform is
y = Am sin = Am sin t

•If the waveform crosses the horizontal axis


with a positive-going slope 90 (/2) sooner,
it is called a cosine wave; that is

sin (t + 90) = sin (t + /2) =


cos t Or sin t = cos (t - 90) = cos (t -
/2)

•The term lead and lag are used to


indicate the relationship between two
sinusoidal waveforms of the same
frequency plotted on the same set of axes.
In Fig. 5.3 (d),
the cosine wave is said to lead the
sine curve by 90º, and the sine curve is
Phase and phase difference
• By phase of an ac is meant the fraction of
the time period of that alternating current which
has elapsed since the current last passed through
the zero position of reference.

•if the two ac or emf reach their maximum and


zero at the same time such ac or voltages are
said to be in phase with each other.

The two voltages will have the equations,

e1 = Em1 sin t and e2 = Em2 sin t


Root-Mean-Square (RMS or rms) value of ac

•The rms value of an alternating current is given by that steady (dc) current
which when flowing through a given circuit for a given time produces the same
heat as produced by ac current when flowing through the same circuit for the
same time.
•Also known as the effective value of
alternating current or voltage

• RMS value can be computed using either


mid-ordinate method or analytical method.

• In home outlets what we measure (220


V) is rms value of alternating voltage
i.e. v(t) = (√2) 220 Sin 314 t

In general, alternating voltage v(t) = Vm Sin  t = Vm Sin (2 π f t)

And alternating current i(t) = Im Sin  t = Im Sin (2 π f t)


Root-Mean-Square (R.M.S.)

Computing rms value using analytical method:

Standard form of ac is i =Im Sin t = Im Sin .

Sum of the squares of instantaneous values of currents in = ∫ i2 d


Mean of the squares of the instantaneous values of current over one complete
cycle is
= ∫ [ (i2 d)/2]
Square root of this value is, = √ [(i2 d)/2]
Hence, the rms value of ac is, = √ [(i2 d)/2]

which yields, = Im/2 = 0.707 Im


Irms = Ieff

• Hence, rms value of ac = 0.707 X maximum value of current.

• In general rms value or effective value of


any alternating quantity (v, I, etc) is
Average value of alternating current or voltage
•The average value of AC is expressed by that DC current which
transfers across any point of circuit the same charge as is transferred
by that AC current during the same time.

Average value of current or voltage = 0.637 X Maximum value.


Form factor, Kf = (rms value)/(average value) = 0.707 Im/ 0.637 Im = 1.11 Im

Peak or Amplitude factor, Ka = (Maximum value)/(rms value) = Im/(Im/2) = 2=1.414


Alternating current or voltage
Ex.5.1: Determine the angular velocity of a sine wave having a frequency of 60 Hz.

Ex. 5.2: Determine the frequency and Time period of a sine wave having angular velocity
of 500 rad/s.

Ex.5.3: Determine the average value and rms value of the sine wave shown in Fig. 5.5.

= (0.637) (Vm) = (0.637) (169.7 V) = 108 V


Vav

Vrms = (0.707) (Vm ) = (0.707) (169.7 V) = 120 V

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