Digital Logic & Design

Lecture 01
Digital System

• Takes a set of discrete information inputs and

discrete internal information (system state) and
generates a set of discrete information outputs.

Discrete Discrete
Inputs Information
Processing Discrete
System Outputs

System State
A Digital Computer Example

Memory

Control
CPU unit Datapath

Inputs: Outputs:
Keyboard, CRT, LCD,
Input/Output
mouse, modem,
modem, speakers
microphone
Analogue Quantities

Continuous Quantity
• Intensity of Light
• Temperature
• Velocity

The rise of continuous not discrete.

Digital Values

Discrete set of values

•Digital values on the other hand are a
discrete set of values which represent the
actual Continuous Signal
•Consider the continuous signal shown in the
diagram
Continuous Signal

45

40

35

30
temperature 0C

25

20

15

10

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
time
Digital Values

• The continuous signal can be represented

digitally by taking samples at regular but fixed
intervals
• In this case 15 samples at regular time
intervals are collected
• The digital representation of the continuous
signal only approximates the original signal
and does not truly represent the original signal
as can be seen by plotting the digital values
Continuous Signal

45
42 41
40
37
35 34 35

30
temperature 0C

29
25 25 25
23 22
20
18
15

10
7
5 4
1 2
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
time
Digital Representation
45
42 41
40
37
35 34 35

30
temperature 0C

29
25 25 25
23 22
20
18
15

10
7
5 4
1 2
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
samples

The reconstructed continuous signal does not give an

exact replica of the original.
Under Sampling

45

40

35

30
temperature 0C

25

20

15

10

0
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15
samples

If the number of samples are collected at every odd interval

of time
Electronic Processing

• Analogue Systems
• deal with electronic signals or voltages that are
continuous and represent continuous quantities
• e.g. continuous temperature of 39 0C into 39 mVs
and 42.75 0C into 42.75 mVs.
• Digital Systems
• deal with discrete electronic signals or voltages
that represent discrete or digital values
• Representing quantities in Digital Systems
• Do the Digital systems represent discrete values in
terms of voltages?
Representing Digital Values

39 0C ? Digital 39mV
System

8
b2

b3

b4
b1

1mV = 1
0

0
GND
Vcc1

a2

a3

a4
a1
1

4
6.25 x 1015 V !!

6.25 x 1018 ?

6.25 x 1015 volts (6.25 x 1018 mV), is a very large voltage

value and can not be practically represented by any circuit.
Temperature Measurement and Display
Temperature Measurement and Display
Temperature Measurement and Display
Digital Systems

• Two Voltage Levels

• The two voltage levels represent two states
• A voltage level of 5v represents logic high or logic 1
state and a voltage level of 0v represents logic low or
logic 0 state.
• Two States
• On/Off
• Black/White
• Hot/Cold
• Stationary/Moving
Signal

• An information variable represented by physical quantity. 

• For digital systems, the variable takes on discrete values.
• Two level, or binary values are the most prevalent values in
digital systems. 
• Binary values are represented abstractly by:
• digits 0 and 1
• words (symbols) False (F) and True (T)
• words (symbols) Low (L) and High (H)
• and words On and Off.
• Binary values are represented by values or ranges of values of
physical quantities
Signal Examples Over Time

Time
Continuous in
value & time
Analog

Digital Discrete in
value &
Asynchronous continuous in
time
Discrete in
Synchronous value & time
 Signal Example – Physical Quantity:
Voltage
OUTPUT INPUT
5.0
HIGH HIGH
4.0
3.0
Threshold
2.0
Region
1.0
LOW LOW
0.0
Volts
Binary Number System

• Binary Numbers
• allows only two numbers 0 and 1
• The Binary digit is called a bit
• Representing Multiple Values
• a combination of binary bits is used
• 2 bits allows 4 different values to be represented
• A temp of 39 is represented by a combination of six
bits 100111
• Combination of 0v & 5v
• The number 39 is represented in a digital system by a
combination of voltage levels 5, 0, 0, 5, 5 and 5 volts
Merits of Digital Systems

• Efficient Processing & Data Storage

• Efficient & Reliable Transmission
• Detection and Correction of Errors
• Precise & Accurate Reproduction
• Easy Design and Implementation
• Occupy minimum space
Information Processing

• Numbers
• perform arithmetic operations on the numbers
• Text
• perform editing operations on text
• Formula and Equations
• mathematical and scientific formulas
• Drawings and Pictures
• Sound and Music
• All this diverse types of information is
represented in the form of binary numbers
Logic Gates

• Building Blocks
• AND, OR and NOT Gates
• NAND, NOR, XOR and XNOR Gates
• Integrated Circuits (ICs)
• Gates are available in the form of Integrated Circuits
(ICs)
• Gates take one or more inputs and produce one
output.
• Input/output are (0/1) bits (Low/High voltage)
Logic Gate Symbol and ICs

AND Gate OR Gate NOT Gate

NAND Gate NOR Gate XOR Gate XNOR Gate

Vcc

13

12

11

10

7400 NAND Gate IC

GND
4

6
1

3
Combinational Circuits

• Combination of Logic Gates

• Adder Combinational Circuit
Adder Combinational Circuit

Sum

Carry
Functional Devices

• Commonly used functional ICs are

• Adders
• Comparators
• Encoders/Decoders
• Multiplexers/Demultiplexers
Sequential Circuits

• Memory Element
• Current & Previous State
• Flip-Flops
• Counters & Registers
Block Diagram of a Sequential Circuit

Input 1
a1 b1
5

Output
Combinational
2 6
a2 b2

Logic Circuit

1 5
a1 b1

Memory Element
Programmable Logic Devices (PLDs)

• Configurable Hardware
• Combinational Circuits
• Sequential Circuits
• Low chip count
• Lower Cost
• Short development time
Memory

• Storage
• RAM (Random Access Memory)
• Read-Write
• Volatile
• ROM (Read-Only Memory)
• Read-Only
• Non-Volatile
A/D & D/A Converters

• Processing of Continuous values

• Conversion
• Analogue to Digital A/D
• Digital to Analogue D/A
• Industrial Control Application
Digital Industrial Control

x1
*/*
u1
Digital x1
*/*
u1

Controller
A/D D/A
Converter Converter

Thermocouple

Reaction
Vessel

Heater
Control
Abstraction Layers in Computer Systems
Design

Algorithms
Programming Languages
Operating Systems
Instruction Set Architecture
Microarchitecture
Register Transfers
Logic Gates
Transistor Circuits
Summary

• Continuous Signals
• Digital Representation in Binary
• Information Processing
• Logic Gates
Summary

• Combinational & Sequential Circuits

• Programmable Logic Devices (PLDs)
• Memory (RAM & ROM)
• A/D & D/A Converters