Lecture 5

Orthographic Projections
 Perspective view of the object
• Object between observer and the plane of
projection Convergent
Projection of object
projection

converging rays

object
observer
Plane of
Projection
 Orthographic Projection
• The observer is located at infinity.
• The rays are parallel to each other
• The rays are perpendicular to the front surface of
the object and the plane.
 PRINCIPAL PLANES
A POP is a plane on which a particular view is projected. In multi view
orthographic projections, we need different POPs to draw different views
of an object. Three such planes, perpendicular to each other, are called
principal planes or reference planes (RP). These are as follows:
• Horizontal Plane A plane parallel to the ground (or horizon) is called
horizontal plane (HP) or horizontal reference plane (HRP).
• Vertical Plane A plane perpendicular to the ground and intersecting
the HP is called vertical plane (VP) or frontal reference plane (FRP).
• Profile Plane A plane perpendicular to the HP and the VP and
intersecting both are called profile plane (PP) or profile reference
plane (PRP).
 Four Quadrants
• 1st Angle Projection
• Object lies between Profile Plane
observer and plane Vertical Plane 1st Angle
of projection
Projection
• BIS Specification

Quadrant 2 Horizontal Plane

3rd Angle Quadrant 1
Projection: Quadrant 3
Object is Quadrant 4
below h.p in
quadrant 3
 Orthographic Projection

Profile Plane
Vertical Plane

Front View Left

Side
H View
L

Top
View Horizontal Plane
L
B
 Projected Planes in 2-D
Vertical Profile
Front View Left Side View
Plane Plane

Horizontal
Plane Top View
 3 Angle Projection
rd

• In third-angle projection, an object is placed in the

third quadrant, i.e., below the HP and behind the
VP.
 Projected Planes in 2-D
Top View
Horizontal
Plane

Left Side View Vertical

Front View
Plane

Side H
Plane
L
 Projected Planes in 2-D
Top View
Horizontal
Plane

Vertical
Front View Right Side View
Plane
Profile
H
Plane
L
 3 Angle Projection
rd

• The RPs are rotated as in first-angle method, i.e.,

the HP in clockwise direction and the PP away from
the object. Obviously, TV is placed above FV, LHSV
on the left side of FV and RHSV on the right side of
FV.
 Projection of a point
• A solid is made of three dimensions.
• Make one dimension to zero, the solid becomes plane
surface.
• If one more dimension is made again to zero, the surface
becomes a line.
• If the length of the line goes to zero, the line becomes a point.
 Projection of a point: BIS convention
• The actual points are denoted by A, B, C etc in pictorial view.
• In the front view, the points are denoted by corresponding
case letter with dash as a’, b’ , c’.
• In top view, the points are denoted by lower case letters a, b,
c.
• In the side view, the points are denoted by a”, b”, c”
• The intersection line of HP and VP is shown by reference
line XY.
• Projectors are necessarily shown in the orthographic view
with thin lines.
 Projection of point

a' Profile Plane

Vertical Plane A
Y

a
X Horizontal Plane
Quadrant 2
Quadrant 1
Quadrant 3
Quadrant 4
 Example 1
• Point A is 50 mm above
HP and 30 mm in front of
VP. Draw its Front View
and Top View
• Solution: Which quadrant
the point lies?
• Quadrant 1
 Projection of point

a' Profile
A Plane
Vertical Plane 50
Y

30 aontal Plane
Horiz
X
Quadrant 2
Quadrant 1
Quadrant 3
Quadrant 4
 Example 1
• Point A is 50 mm above HP
and 30 mm in front of VP.
Draw its Front View and Top
View
• Solution: Which quadrant the
point lies?
• Quadrant 1
• Front view of point above XY
at a distance of 50 mm
• Top view below XY at a
distance of 30mm.
 Example 2
• Point B is 50 mm above
HP and 30 mm behind VP.
Draw its Front View and
Top View
• Solution: Which quadrant
the point lies?
• Quadrant 2
 Projection of point

Vertical Plane Profile Plane

B
b' Y

50
Quadrant 2 b X
30 Horizontal Plane
Quadrant 1
Quadrant 3
Quadrant 4
 Example 2
• Point B is 50 mm above HP
and 30 mm behind VP. Draw
its Front View and Top View
• Solution: Which quadrant
the point lies?
• Quadrant 2
• Front view of point above
XY at a distance of 50 mm
• Top view above XY at a
distance of 30mm.
 Example 3
• Point B is 50 mm below
HP and 30 mm behind VP.
Draw its Front View and
Top View
• Solution: Which quadrant
the point lies?
• Quadrant 3.
 Projection of point

Profile Plane
Vertical Plane
Y

X
c 30 Horizontal Plane
Quadrant 3
50
c'
C
 Quiz
• Mention the position of the following points shown
in figure

P: Quadrant 1
X Y
 Quiz
• Mention the position of the following points shown
in figure

Q: Quadrant 2

X Y
 Quiz
• Mention the position of the following points shown
in figure

X Y

R: Quadrant
3
 Quiz
• Mention the position of the following points shown
in figure

X Y

S: Quadrant
4
 Quiz
• Mention the position of the following points shown
in figure

X Y

T: Horizontal Plane
behind VP
 Quiz
• Mention the position of the following points shown
in figure

X Y

U: Vertical Plane
below HP
 Quiz
• Mention the position of the following points shown
in figure

X Y

V: Vertical Plane
above HP
Quiz

Profile Plane
Vertical Plane
Y

X
Horizontal Plane
 Orthographic Projection

Side Plane
Vertical Plane

Horizontal Plane