Diesel Power Plant

ME 521A
Eng’r Maurice O. Licdan
 Internal Combustion Engines
• Application of I.C.
–Portable generating units may be
moved from site to site where electrical
power is required temporarily
–Standby units, normally idle, which can
be activated when there is a failure of
the central station power where a
power interruption would mean
financial loss or danger
 Internal Combustion Engines
• Application of I.C.
–Engine-generator units installed in
power plants where they are the
normal primary source of electrical
power for public, industrial or
institutional use
 Internal Combustion Engines
• Features
–Use of piston and cylinder to create a variable
volume chamber in which to work out the cycle
–Gaseous working medium
–Open thermal cycles (air and fuel into the
engine, products of combustion out the engine)
–Two or four stroke cycles
–Cyclic rather than uniform power output
necessitating multiple cylinders and or heavy
flywheels for steady delivery
BASIC TYPE OF
IC ENGINE
 Classification of IC Engines.

1. According to cycle of operation

• Two Stroke Engine
• Four Stroke Engine
2. According to cycle of combustion
• Otto Cycle Engine(combustion at constant volume)
• Diesel Cycle Engine(combustion at constant pressure)
• Dual Combustion or semi – diesel cycle engine.
3. According to arrangement of Cylinder.
• Horizontal Engine
• Vertical Engine
• V-Type Engine
• Radial Engine
4. According to their Uses
• Stationary Engine
• Portable Engine
• Marine Engine
• Automobile Engine
• Aero Engine
5. According to fuel employed and method of fuel supply to the engine.
• Oil Engine
• Petrol Engine
• Gas Engine
6. According to method of ignition
• Spark ignition
• Compression ignition
7. According to speed of the engine
• Low speed
• Medium Speed
• High Speed
8. According to method of cooling
• Air Cooled
• Water Cooled
9. According to number of cylinders
• Single cylinder
• Multi Cylinder
 FUNCTION

(a) FOUR STROKE

(b)TWO STROKE
 DIESEL CYCLE

• 1892, Dr. Rudolf Diesel

described an engine to
operate on Carnot Cycle by
the use of coal dust
 Diesel Engine

• Advantages
–Low fuel cost
–No long warming up periods
–No standby losses
–Uniformly high efficiency of all sizes
–Simple plant lay out
–Needs no large water supply
 Diesel Engine

• Some disadvantages
–Increase in capacity increases the plant floor area
and cost nearly the same proportion unlike steam
turbines
–Large steam central stations have net thermal
efficiencies nearly as high as that of the diesel engine
–Noise- can be cancelled by proper silencers
• cutoff ratio (rc) - the ratio of the cylinder
volumes after and before the combustion
process

• diesel engines operate at much higher

compression ratios and thus are usually more
efficient than the spark-ignition
• only air is compressed during
the compression stroke
• 12 and 24
• Less refined fuel can be used
in diesel engines
mean effective pressure
• 12-cylinder diesel engine
built in 1964 by the Fiat
Corporation of Italy had a
normal power output of
25,200 hp (18.8 MW) at 122
rpm, a cylinder bore of 90
cm, and a stroke of 91 cm.
• An ideal Diesel cycle with air as the working
fluid has a compression ratio of 18 and a
cutoff ratio of 2. At the beginning of the
compression process, the working fluid is at
14.7 psia, 80°F, and 117 in3. Utilizing the cold-
air standard assumptions, determine
• (a) the temperature and pressure of air at the
end of each process,
• (b) the net work output and the thermal
efficiency, and
• (c) the mean effective pressure.
 Diesel power plant
A generating station in
which diesel engine is
used as the prime
mover for the
generation of electrical
energy
produce power in the
range of 2 to 50 MW.
 FIELD OF USE
The diesel electric power-plants are chiefly used in the fields mentioned
below.
1. Peak load plant: The diesel plants are used in combination with
thermal or hydro-plants as peak load plants. This plant is particularly
preferable as peak load plant as it can be started quickly and it has no
standby losses.

2. Mobile plants: Mobile diesel plants mounted on skids or trailers can be

used for temporary or emergency purposes such as for supplying power
to large civil engineering works for supplementing electricity supply
systems that are temporarily short of power.
• 3. Stand-by Units: This can be used as a standby unit to supply part load
when required. For example, this can be used with hydro-plant as stand-
by unit. If the water available is not sufficient due to reduced rainfall, a
diesel station supply power in parallel with hydro-station. The use is
made temporarily till the water is available to take the full load.
• 4. Emergency plant: The plants used for emergency purposes are at to
standby units, normally idle but are used where power interruption
would mean financial loss or danger in key industrial processes, tunnel
lighting and operating rooms of hospitals. They are also used for
telecommunication and water supply under emergency conditions.
5. Nursery station: When the diesel plant is used to supply the
power to a small town in the absence of main grid and which
can be moved to another area which needs power on a small
scale when the main grid is available is known as "Nursery
Station". The main grid cannot extend to every corner of the
country till there is enough load.
6. Starting stations: The diesel units are used to run the
auxiliaries for starting the large steam plants.
7. Central stations: This can be used as central station where
the capacity required is small (5 to 10 MW). The limit is
generally decided by the cost of the plant and local
conditions regarding the availability of fuel and water, space
requirements and non-availability of the grid. Small supply
units for commercial purposes and public utilities e.g.,,
cinema hall, hospital and municipalities are commonly used
in practice.
GENERAL LAYOUT
 Essential elements of Diesel Power
Plant
Engine System
Starting System
Lubrication System
Fuel System
Air filter and Supercharge
Cooling System
Exhaust System
Governing System
 Engine system
• ENGINE: This is the
main component of
the plant which
develops required
power. The engine
is generally directly
coupled to the
generator
 Air intake system
AIR INTAKE SYSTEM
• The air intake system conveys fresh air through pipes or ducts to
–air intake manifold of 4 stroke engine
–The scavenging pump inlet of a two stroke engine
–The supercharger inlet of a supercharged engine.
 Air intake system

• large diesel engine requires 0.076 to 0.114 m3

• Air is first drawn through a filter to catch dirt or
particles that may cause excessive wear in
cylinders. Filters may be of following types:
•Dry type (paper, cloth, felt, glass wool etc)
•Wet type (oil impingement type, oil bath type
where oil helps to catch particles)
 Following precautions should be taken while designing air intake systems

Air intake should be located outside the engine room.

while designing air intake systems

Pressure drop in the air intake line should be minimum

to avoid engine starvation
Air filters should be accessible for periodic cleaning.
In some cases a muffler may be introduced to prevent
engine noise from reaching outside air.
 Starting system
• The function of this system is to start the engine
• Smaller engine
• Electric motor with storage battery
• Compressor
–supplying compressed air at about 17 bar supplied from
an air tank is admitted to a few cylinders making them
work like reciprocating air motors to run the engine shaft.
Fuel is admitted to the remaining cylinders and ignited in
the normal way causing the engine to start.
 Lubrication system
• It includes the oil pumps, oil tanks,
filters, coolers and connecting pipes.
• The purpose of the lubrication
system is to reduce the wear of the
engine moving parts
• Part of the cylinder such as piston,
shafts, valves must be lubricated.
• The lubricant is cooled before
recirculation.
• Lubrication also helps to cool the
engine
 The following are the important functions of a
lubrication system
• LUBRICATION: To keep parts sliding freely
past each other, reducing friction and wear.
• COOLING: To keep surfaces cool by taking
away part of the heat caused by friction.
• CLEANING: To keep the bearings and piston
rings clean.
• SEALING: To form a good seal B/W the piston
rings and cylinder walls.
• REDUCING NOISE: to reduce the noise of the
engine by absorbing vibration.
 Fuel system
• It includes the storage tank, fuel pump, strainers and heater.
• Pump draws diesel from storage tank to day tank through the filter
• The day tank is usually placed high so that diesel flows to engine under gravity.
• Diesel is filtered before being injected into the engine by the fuel injection pump.
Fuel Injector
 functions
• Filter the fuel
• Meter the correct quantity of the fuel to be injected
• Time the injection process
• Regulate the fuel supply
• Secure fine atomization of fuel oil
• Distribute the atomized fuel properly in the combustion chamber
 Oil is atomized either by air blast or pressure jet.
In pressure jet atomization fuel is forced to flow through spray
nozzles at pressure above 100 bar. It is known as solid injection
 Classification of solid injection systems

• Common rail injection system:

• The system is named after the shared
high-pressure (100 to 200
bars)reservoir (common rail) that
supplies all the cylinders with fuel.
• pressure generation and injection are
separate, meaning that the fuel is
constantly available at the required
pressure for injection.
Common rail injection system
• Individual pump injection
system:
–each fuel nozzle is connected to
a separate injection pump
–Pump itself does the measuring
of the fuel and control of the
injection timing.
–The delivery valve in the nozzle
is actuated by fuel-oil pressure
Individual pump
Injection System
• Distributor system:
• the fuel is metered at a central
point
–The pump that pressurizes,
meters the fuel and times the
injection.
• the fuel is distributed to cylinders
in correct firing order by cam
operated poppet valves, which
open to admit fuel to nozzles
Distributor System
 Cooling system
• The cooling system consists of a
water source, pump and cooling
towers.
• The pump circulates water
through cylinder and head
jacket.
• The water takes away heat form
the engine and it becomes hot.
• The hot water is cooled by
cooling towers and re circulated
for cooling.
 Cooling system
• The temperature of the hot gases inside the cylinder may be as high as
2750 c . If there is no external cooling, the cylinder walls and piston
will tend to assume the average temp. of the gases.
• Cooling is necessary because:
–To avoid deterioration or burning of lubricating oil.
–The strength of the materials used for various engine parts
decreases with increase in temperature. Local thermal stress can
develop due to uneven expansion of various parts.
–Increase in pre-ignition and knocking
–Due to high cylinder head temp. the volumetric efficiency and hence
power output of the engine are reduced.
 There are two methods of cooling I.C.
engines:

1.Air cooling.
2. Liquid cooling
 Air cooling :

• heat is carried away by the air

flowing over and around the
cylinder
• Fins are added on the cylinder
which provide additional mass of
material for conduction as well as
additional area for convection and
radiative modes of heat transfer
 Liquid cooling
• the cylinder walls and head are
provided with jackets through
which the cooling liquid can
circulate
• The heat is transferred from the
cylinder walls to the liquid by
convection and conduction.
• The liquid gets heated during its
passage through the cooling
jackets and is itself cooled by
means of an air cooled radiator
system.
 Types of Water Cooling System

• Thermo Siphon System

• In this system the
circulation of water is due
to difference in
temperature
• pump is not required
• but water is circulated
because of density
difference only.
• Pump Circulation System
• In this system circulation of
water is obtained by a
pump.
• This pump is driven by
means of engine output
shaft through V-belts.
 Exhaust system
• This includes the silencers and
connecting ducts
• The exhaust gases coming out of
the engine is very noisy silencer
(muffler) is provide to reduce
the noise.
 Exhaust system

• Exhaust pipe leading out of the building should be short in length

with minimum number of bends to provide as low a pressure loss
as possible.
• Flexible tubings may be added in exhaust pipe to take care of
misalignments and expansion/contraction and also to isolate the
system from engine vibrations
• Each engine should have its independent exhaust system.
• Where possible, exhaust heat recovery should be made to
improve plant thermal efficiency. E.g., air heating, low pressure
steam generation in diesel-steam power plant etc
 Governing system
• The function of the
governing system is to
maintain the speed of the
engine
• This is done generally by
varying fuel supply to the
engine according to load.
• It is achieved with use of
governors.
 Example 1
• A diesel engine has a brake thermal efficiency
of 30%. If the calorific value of fuel used is
10000 kcal/kg, calculate the brake specific fuel
consumption.
 Example 2
• A four-stroke diesel engine has a piston diameter of 16.5 cm
and a stroke of 27 cm. The compression ratio is 14.3, the cut-
off 4.23% of the stroke and the indicated mean effective
pressure 4.12 bar. The engine speed is 264 rev/min and the
fuel consumption is 1.076 kg of oil per hour, having a calorific
value of 39150 kJ/kg. Calculate the indicated and ideal thermal
efficiency
 Example 3
• A six-cylinder two-stroke cycle marine diesel engine with 100
mm bore and 120 mm stroke delivers 200 B.H.P. at 2000. R.P.M.
and uses 100 kg of fuel per hour. If I.H.P. is 240, determine the
following:
– (a) Torque,
– (b) Mechanical efficiency,
– (c) Indicated specific fuel consumption.
 Example 4
• A diesel engine develops 200 H.P. to over come friction and
delivers 1000 BHP. Air consumption is 90 kg per minute. The air
fuel ratio is.15 to 1. Find the following: (a) IHP, (b) Mechanical
efficiency, (c) Specific fuel consumption.
 Example 5
• The brake thermal efficiency of a diesel engine is 30 percent. If
the air to fuel ratio by weight is 20 and the calorific value of the
fuel used is 41800 kJ/kg, what brake mean effective pressure
may be expected at S.T.P. conditions ?
 Example 6
• A 2-cylinder C.I. engine with a compression ratio 13:1 and
cylinder dimensions of 200mm × 250mm works on two stroke
cycle and consumes 14kg/h of fuel while running at 300 r.p.m.
The relative and mechanical efficiencies of engine are 65% and
76% respectively. The fuel injection is effected upto 5% of
stroke. If the calorific value of the fuel used is given as 41800
kJ/kg, calculate the mean effective pressure developed.
Example 7