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General Properties of Materials

The document discusses various physical and mechanical properties of materials that influence their performance and suitability for different applications. It defines properties like bulk density, chemical resistance, density, durability, fire resistance, frost resistance, porosity, spalling resistance, water absorption, water permeability, abrasion, creep, elasticity, fatigue, hardness, impact strength, plasticity, brittleness, strength, and wear. These properties are important to carefully examine when selecting materials for uses like sewer pipes, hydraulic installations, building construction, and transportation surfaces.

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Carmella Umayam Germano
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62 views25 pages

General Properties of Materials

The document discusses various physical and mechanical properties of materials that influence their performance and suitability for different applications. It defines properties like bulk density, chemical resistance, density, durability, fire resistance, frost resistance, porosity, spalling resistance, water absorption, water permeability, abrasion, creep, elasticity, fatigue, hardness, impact strength, plasticity, brittleness, strength, and wear. These properties are important to carefully examine when selecting materials for uses like sewer pipes, hydraulic installations, building construction, and transportation surfaces.

Uploaded by

Carmella Umayam Germano
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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GENERAL

PROPERTIES
OF
MATERIALS
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Bulk Density:
The term bulk density is used to mean the mass of a
unit volume of material in its natural state i.e. including
pores and voids. It is obtained by finding out the ratio of
mass of specimen to the volume of specimen in its
natural state.
The technical properties of the material such as
strength, heat, conductivity, etc. are greatly influenced
by its bulk density and hence the performance
efficiency of a material will depend upon its bulk density.
Chemical Resistance:
The ability of material to withstand the
action of acids, alkalies, gases and salt
solutions is known as its chemical resistance.
This property is carefully examined while
selecting material for sewer pipes, hydraulic
engineering installations, sanitary facilities,
etc.
Density:
The term density of a material is defined as
the mass of a unit volume of homogeneous
material. It is obtained by working out the
ratio of mass of material to the volume of
material in homogeneous state. The physical
properties of a material are greatly influenced
by its density.
Durability:
The property of a material to resist the
combined action of atmospheric and other
factors is known as its durability.
The running or maintenance cost of a
building will naturally depend upon the
durability of the materials of which it is
composed.
Fire Resistance:

The term fire resistance is used to mean the ability of


a material to resist the action of high temperature without
losing its load-bearing capacity i.e., without substantial
loss of strength or deformation in shape.
This property of a material is of great importance in
case of a fire and as the operation of fire-fighting is
usually accompanied by water, this property of a material
is tested by the combined actions of high temperature
and water. The material should be sufficiently fireproof to
afford safety and stability in case of a fire.
Frost Resistance:
The ability of a water-saturated material to resist
repeated freezing and thawing without considerable
decrease of mechanical strength or visible signs of
failure is known as the frost resistance. The frost
resistance of a material depends upon the density
of material and its degree of saturation with water.
In general, the dense materials are frost
resistant. The porous materials whose pores are
closed or filled with water to less than 90% of their
volume are frost resistant.
Porosity:
The term porosity is used to indicate the
degree by which the volume of a material is
occupied by pores. It is expressed as a ratio
of volume of pores to that of the specimen.
The porosity of a material is indicative of its
various properties such as strength, bulk
density, water absorption, thermal
conductivity, durability, etc., and hence it is to
be carefully studied and analyzed.
Spalling Resistance:
The ability of a material to endure a certain
number of cycles of sharp temperature
variations without failing is known as its
spalling resistance and it mainly depends on
the coefficients of linear expansion of its
constituents.
Water Absorption:
The ability of a material to absorb and
retain water is known as its water absorption.
The dry material is fully immersed in water
and then the water absorption is worked out
either as percentage of weight or percentage
of volume of dry material. It mainly depends
on the volume, size and shape of pores,
present in the material.
Water Permeability:
The capacity of a material to allow water to
pass through it under pressure is known as its
water permeability and it is described as the
quantity of water that will pass through the
material in one hour at constant pressure, the
cross-sectional area of the specimen being 1
cm. The dense materials like glass, steel, etc.
are water-proof or impervious to the water.
Mechanical Properties of Engineering
Materials:
Abrasion:
The resistance of a material to the abrasion is
found out by dividing the difference in weights of
specimens prior to and after abrasion with the
area of abrasion.
Abrasion testing determines the relative quality,
toughness, and durability of mineral aggregates
subjected to impact and abrasion.
Creep:
In many applications, the building materials are
required to sustain steady loads for long periods.
Under such conditions, the material may continue to
deform until its usefulness is seriously reduced. Such
time-dependent deformations of a structure can grow
large and may even result in final fracture without
any increase in load. If the deformation continues
even when the load is constant, such additional
deformation is known as the creep.
Elasticity:
When a load is applied to a material, there
is change in its shape and dimension. The
term elasticity is used to indicate the ability of
a material to restore its initial form and
dimensions after the load is removed.

1. Elastic Deformation
2. Plastic Deformation
Fatigue:
When the materials are subjected to a
repetitive or fluctuating stress, they will fail at
a stress much lower than that required to
cause fracture under steady loads.
Hardness:
The ability of a material to resist penetration
by a harder body is known as its hardness. It is
a major factor in deciding the workability and
use of a material for floors and road surfaces.
The hardness is not a fundamental property.
Impact Strength:
The impact strength of a material is the
quantity of work required to cause its failure
per its unit volume. It thus indicates the
toughness of a material and the materials
are tested in an impact testing machine to
determine their impact strength.
Plasticity and Brittleness:
The term plasticity of a material is defined
as its ability to change its shape under load
without cracking and to retain its shape after
the removal of load.
Strength:
The ability of a material to resist failure
under the action of stresses caused by a
load is known as its strength. The loads to
which a material is commonly subjected to
are compression, tension and bending. The
corresponding strength is obtained by
dividing the ultimate load with the cross-
sectional area of the specimen.
Wear:
The failure of a material under the
combined actions of abrasion and impact is
known as its wear. The wear resistance is
usually expressed as a percentage of loss in
weight and it is of great importance in
deciding the suitability of a material for use
of road surfaces, railway ballast, etc.
Stress and Strain Diagram

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