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Data Management

This document discusses key concepts in statistics including data management, descriptive statistics, inferential statistics, variables, data collection methods, and measures of central tendency. It defines statistics as dealing with collecting, organizing, presenting, analyzing, and interpreting data. It outlines the main branches of statistics as descriptive statistics, which refers to summarizing and presenting data, and inferential statistics, which deals with predictions and inferences based on data analysis. It also defines key terms such as variables, data types, data collection methods, and measures of central tendency including the mean, median, and mode.

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LAWAG, Angelene Mae I.
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103 views

Data Management

This document discusses key concepts in statistics including data management, descriptive statistics, inferential statistics, variables, data collection methods, and measures of central tendency. It defines statistics as dealing with collecting, organizing, presenting, analyzing, and interpreting data. It outlines the main branches of statistics as descriptive statistics, which refers to summarizing and presenting data, and inferential statistics, which deals with predictions and inferences based on data analysis. It also defines key terms such as variables, data types, data collection methods, and measures of central tendency including the mean, median, and mode.

Uploaded by

LAWAG, Angelene Mae I.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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B.

DATA MANAGEMENT
(STATISTICS)
STATISTICS

 Dealswith the collection, organization,


presentation, analysis and interpretation of
data.

*Data are the quantities (numbers) or


qualities (attributes) measured or observed
that are to be collected and analyzed.
MAIN BRANCHES OF STATISTICS

1. DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
Refers the collection,
presentation and summary of
data (either using charts and
graphs or using a numerical
summary).
2.INFERENTIAL STATISTICS
 Deals with the predictions and inferences
based on the analysis and interpretation of
the results of the information gathered by
statistician.

example: t-test, z-test, analysis of variance,


chi-square, and Pearson r.
VARIABLE
 (In Mathematics or Algebra) is a symbol (usually a
letter) standing in for an unknown numerical
value in an equation. Commonly used variables
include x and y.

 (In Statistics) is a characteristic of interest about


an object under investigation that can take on
different possible outcomes, such as age, hair,
color, height, weight, and religious preference.
TYPES OF VARIABLE
 CATEGORICAL or QUALITATIVE – classified
according to some attributes or categories

Example: gender, eye color, religion, blood


type, civil status, year level, course,
profession.
TYPES OF VARIABLE
 NUMERICAL-VALUED or QUANTITATIVE –
classified according to numerical
characteristics.

Example: age, height, pulse rate, speed,


volume, area, number of students.
COLLECTION OF DATA
 INTERVIEW METHOD
a) Direct Method – personal interview
b) Indirect Method – uses telephone or
mobile phone, chatting, video
conferencing (Zoom, Google Meet) to
interview the respondents.
COLLECTION OF DATA
 QUESTIONNAIRE METHOD – uses
questionnaire, a list of well planned
questions written on paper, which can be
either personally administered or mailed by
the researcher to the respondents.
Example type of questions: Guided-Response,
Recall, Recognition, Multiple-Choice, Multiple-
Response, Free-Response, Rating Scale
COLLECTION OF DATA
 OBSERVATION METHOD – obtaining data by
seeing, hearing, testing, touching, and smelling.
 TEST METHOD – example (achievement test, IQ
test, soil test)
 REGISTRATIONMETHOD – example (PSA,
Comelec, DSWD, School Registrar)
 MECHANICAL DEVICES (engineering devices,
laboratory equipments)
GATHERING AND ORGANIZING DATA

Two types of data:


1. QUALITATIVE DATA- deals with categories
or attributes
Examples: color of eyes, ethnicity,
brand of cars
2. QUANTITATIVE DATA- are numerical data.
a. DISCRETE DATA - is obtained through counting.
example: number of Accountancy students in KNS
b. CONTINUOUS DATA - is obtained by measuring.
example: height of an individual
Another way to classify data

FOUR LEVELS OF MEASUREMENT


1. NOMINAL LEVEL – is the lowest of the four ways to
characterize data. Nominal data is qualitative, and deals
with names, categories, or labels.
example: color of eyes, yes or no responses to a survey,
favorite breakfast cereal
2. ORDINAL LEVEL – ranks qualitative data
example: winners in a pageant
academic rank of teachers

3. INTERVAL LEVEL – deals with data that can be ordered


and in which differences between the data does make
sense. Data at this level does not have a starting point.
example: Fahrenheit and Celsius scales of temperatures
4. RATIO LEVEL – the highest level of measurement. Data at
the ratio level possess all the features of the interval
level, in addition to a zero value.

example: weight, the time to answer a quiz, and the


number of absences of students in a synchronous class
Learning Activity
Part 1. Abstraction (Classification)
Instructions: For each of these variables, identify whether the
variable is qualitative or quantitative, and if quantitative, state
whether it is discrete or continuous.
1. Number of family members in a particular household
2. Ownership of a cell phone among family members
3. Length (in minutes) of a longest call made per month
4. Amount spent on food in a day
5. Occupation of household head
Learning Activity
Part 2. Abstraction (Classification)
Instructions: Identify the level of measurement for each of the
following variable.
1. Highest education attainment
2. Hair color
3. Body temperature
4. Civil status
5. Total household expenditures in Pesos
Other important terms in studying STATISTICS:

1. POPULATION – refers to all items (infinite or finite) that


we are interested in. It consists of the totality of the
observations, individuals, or objects in which the
investigator/researcher is interested in.
2. SAMPLE – is a subset or portion of the population. It
involves looking only at some items selected from a
population.
Example:

Population:
The total number of students enrolled in Kolehiyo Ng
Subic in Academic Year 2021-2022.

Sample:
The number of Accountancy students enrolled in Kolehiyo
ng Subic in AY 2021-2022.
SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
SAMPLING- is a technique of selecting
individual members or a subset of the
population to make statistical inferences
from them and estimate characteristics of
the whole population.
The statistician or the researcher do not
need to research the entire population to
collect actionable insights. It is also a time-
convenient and a cost-effective method that
can be used in a research survey.
 SAMPLE SIZE (n) – a number of individual
selected either randomly or systematically
from the population used to study
especially if the population is very large.
n=
Where: n = sample size
N = number of cases
e = margin of errors
*margin of error – is an amount( usually
small) that is allowed for in case of
miscalculation or change of circumstances.
Margin of error tells you how many
percentage points your results will differ
from the real population value.

For example, a 95% confidence interval with


a 4% margin of error means that your statistic
will be within 4 percentage points of the real
population value 95% of the time.
Example
A researcher wants to know the
average income of the families living in
Barangay A which has 2,500 residents.
Calculate the sample size the researcher will
need if a 5% margin of error is allowed.
SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
Given: N = 2,500
e = 5% or 0.05

Solution:

n=
= 344.8 = 345 families
SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING

Example:
A researcher wants to determine the
average income of the families in a barangay
having 3,000 families, distributed in five
puroks. Computing for the sample size n at a
5% margin of error.

n=
= 353
SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING

The required Sample Size from each Purok.


PUROK POPULATION PERCENTAGE n

1 800 0.27 x 353 95

2 400 0.13 x 353 46

3 500 0.17 x 353 60

4 600 0.2 x 353 71

5 700 0.23 x 353 81

N 3,000 353
MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY
It is a single figure that is a
representative of the general level of
magnitudes or values of the items in
the data set.
A. MEAN
1. ARITHMETIC MEAN (OR AVERAGE) – It is
calculated by adding the values of the observations
and dividing by the total number of observations.
POPULATION MEAN: If a set of data x1, x2… xN,
represents a finite population of size N, then the
population mean is

µ = Σ xi
N
Example:
Find the population mean of the following raw scores in a test of
10 students in SET B.
15, 23, 17, 26, 31, 22, 12, 25, 37, 18
Solution:
N = 10
µ = Σ xi
N
µ = 15 + 23 + 17 + 26 + 31 + 22 + 12 + 25 + 37 + 18
10
µ = 226 µ = 22.6
10
SAMPLE MEAN: If a set of data x1, x2… xN, represents
a finite sample of size n, then the sample mean is
Example:
Find the sample mean of the following raw scores in
a test of 5 selected students in SET B.
37, 31, 26, 23, 25
Solution:
n=5

= 37 + 31 + 26 + 23 + 25
5
=28.4
2. WEIGHTED MEAN
is a type of mean that is calculated by
multiplying the weight associated with a particular
event or outcome with its associated quantitative
outcome and then summing all the products
together.
Where : xi = data values to be averaged
wi = weights applied to x values
Σ wixi = sum of the products of the data points
and their corresponding weights.
Example:
Renan has the following grades and the equivalent credit units
for each grade. Determine his GPA (Grade Point Average)

________________________________________________
Filipino 2 3 87 261
English 3 84 252
Math 7 3 85 255
P.E. 1 95 95
Chem 1 (lec) 3 82 246
Chem 1 (lab) 1 82 82
Philo 3 85 255
17 1,446
Thus, the weighted mean is:
B. MEDIAN
The median of a set of observations arranged in
an increasing or decreasing order of magnitude is the
middle value when the number of observations is
odd or the arithmetic mean of the two values when
the number of the observation is even.
a. Find the median of the scores 7 , 2 , 3 , 7 , 6 , 9 , 10 , 8 , 9 , 9 , 10
Solution: Arrange the scores, in increasing magnitude or ascending order
2 , 3 , 6 , 7 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 9 , 9 , 10 , 10

With these eleven scores, the number 8 is located in the exact middle, so 8 is
the median.

b. Find the median of the scores, 7 , 2 , 3 , 7 , 6 , 9 , 10 , 8 , 9 , 9


Solution: Again, arrange the scores
2 , 3 , 6 , 7 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 9 , 9 , 10

The two center scores are 7 and 8. So, we find the mean of these two scores.

Thus, 7.5 is the median of the given scores


C. Mode
The mode of a set of observations is the value which occurs most
often or with the highest frequency. It is the last used method.

Example:
a. The scores 1 , 2 , 3 , 2 , 4 , 7 , 9 , 2 have a mode of 2.
b. The scores 2 , 3 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 have no mode since no score is
repeated. Null Mode
c. The scores 1 , 2 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 2 , 5 ,6 , 6 , 7 , 9 ,6 have the
modes 2 and 6 since they both occur with the same highest
frequency (we refer to such data as bimodal)
d. The score 3 , 4 , 5 , 1 , 3 , 2 , 4 , 7 , 5, 10 have the modes 3,
4, and 5. Multimodal
D. Midrange
Defined as the mean of the largest and
smallest values in a set of data.

Example:
8, 10, 13, 15, 24, 37, 42, 50

Midrange = =

Midrange = 29
Practice Problems:
The following data are ages of infants (in months) at which they
walked alone. These sample data were obtained from two
populations A and B.
Sample A
9.8 11 9.5 9.8 10 13 10 14 10 9 10 9.5

Sample B
12 9.5 9.5 14 12 14 13 12 12 14 14 13
Compare the two groups as to their mean, median, mode, and
midrange.

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