PRESENTATIO

N ON
AGENTS & ENVIRONMENT IN AI
PAPER NAME- ARTIFICIAL
INTELLIGENCE PAPER CODE- PEC-
IT501B

SUBMITTED BY
STUDENT NAME- DEEP
DUTTA DEPARTMENT-
CSE SEMESTER- 5TH SEM
YEAR- 2022-2023
UNIVERSITY ROLL NO.- 16900120122

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER
SCIENCE ACADEMY OF
TECHNOLOGY, AEDCONAGAR,
HOOGHLY, WB
CONTENT
 Agent
 Agent Terminology &
Rationality
 Ideal Rational Agent
 Types of Agents
• Simple Reflex Agents
• Model Based Reflex Agents
• Goal Based Agents
• Utility Based Agents
• Learning Agents
 The Nature of Environments
 Turing Test
 Properties of Environment
AGENT
An agent is anything that can perceive its environment through sensors and
acts
upon that environment through effectors.
 A human agent has sensory organs such as eyes, ears, nose, tongue and
skin
parallel to the sensors, and other organs such as hands, legs, mouth, for
effectors.
 A robotic agent replaces cameras and infrared range finders for the sensors,
and
various motors and ac tuators for effectors.
 A software agent has encoded bit strings as its programs and actions.
AGENT TERMINOLOGY & RATIONALITY
 Performance Measure of Agent− It is the criteria, which determines how
successful
an agent is.
 Behavior of Agent− It is the action that agent performs after any given
sequence
of perc epts.
 Percept− It is agent’s perceptual inputs at a given instance.
 Percept Sequence− It is the history of all that an agent has perceived till date.
 Agent Function− It is a map from the precept sequence to an action.

RATIONALITY
Rationality is nothing but status of being reasonable, sensible, and having good
sense of judgment.
Rationality is concerned with expected actions and results depending upon what
the agent has perceived. Performing actions with the aim of obtaining useful
Ideal Rational
Agent
 An ideal rational agent is the one, which is capable of doing expected actions
to
maximize its performance measure, on the basis of−
• Its perc ept sequenc e
• Its built-in knowledge base
 Rationality of an agent depends on the following −
• The performance measures, which determine the degree of success.
• Agent’s Percept Sequence till now.
• The agent’s prior knowledge about the environment.
• The actions that the agent c an c arry out.
A rational agent always performs right action, where the right action means the
action that causes the agent to be most successful in the given percept sequence.
The problem the agent solves is characterized by Performance Measure,
Environment, Ac tuators, and Sensors (PEAS).
TYPES OF AGENTS IN
AI
 Simple Reflex Agents
• They choose actions only based on the current percept.
• They are rational only if a correct decision is made only on the basis of current precept.
• Their environment is completely observable.
 Condition-Action Rule − It is a rule that maps a state (condition) to an action.
Model Based Reflex
Agents
 They use a model of the world to choose their actions. They maintain an internal state.
 Model − knowledge about “how the things happen in the world”.
 Internal State − It is a representation of unobserved aspects of current state depending on
percept history.
 Updating the state requires the information about −
• How the world evolves.
• How the agent’s actions affect the world.
Goal Based
Agents
 They choose their actions in order to achieve goals. Goal-based approach is more flexible
than reflex agent since the knowledge supporting a decision is explicitly modeled, thereby
allowing for modifications.
 Goal − It is the description of desirable situations.
Utility Based
Agents
 They choose actions based on a preference (utility) for each state.
 Goals are inadequate when −
• There are conflicting goals, out of which only few can be achieved.
• Goals have some uncertainty of being achieved and you need to weigh likelihood of
success against the importance of a goal.
Learning
Agents
 A learning agent has mainly 4 c onc eptual c omponent.
1. Learning Element: It is responsible for making improvements by learning from environment
and enhance its standard.
2. Critic: Learning element takes feedback from critic which describes that how well the
agent
is doing w.r.t a fixed performance standard.
3. Performance Element: It is responsible for selecting external action.
4. Problem Generator: This component is responsible for suggestic actions that will lead to
new
and informative experiences.
THE NATURE OF ENVIRONMENTS & TURING
TEST
• Some programs operate in the entirely artificial environment confined to keyboard
input, database, computer file systems and character output on a screen.
• In contrast, some software agents (software robots or softbots) exist in rich, unlimited
softbots domains. The simulator has a very detailed, complex environment. The
software agent needs to choose from a long array of actions in real time. A softbot
designed to scan the online preferences of the customer and show interesting items to
the customer works in the real as well as an artificial environment.
• The most famous artificial environment is the Turing Test environment, in which one
real and other artificial agents are tested on equal ground. This is a very challenging
environment as it is highly difficult for a software agent to perform as well as a human.
 Turing Test
• The success of an intelligent behavior of a system can be measured with Turing Test.
• Two persons and a machine to be evaluated participate in the test. Out of the two
persons, one plays the role of the tester. Each of them sits in different rooms. The tester is
unaware of who is machine and who is a human. He interrogates the questions by typing
and sending them to both intelligences, to which he receives typed responses.
• This test aims at fooling the tester. If the tester fails to determine machine’s response from
the human response, then the machine is said to be intelligent.
PROPERTIES OF
ENVIRONMENT
 The environment has multifold properties −
• Discrete / Continuous − If there are a limited number of distinct, clearly defined, states of
the environment, the environment is discrete (For example, chess); otherwise it is continuous
(For example, driving).
• FULLY Observable / Partially Observable − If it is possible to determine the complete state
of the environment at each time point from the percepts it is observable; otherwise it is only
partially observable.
• Static / Dynamic − If the environment does not change while an agent is acting, then it is
static; otherwise it is dynamic.
• Single agent / Multiple agents − The environment may contain other agents which may be
of the same or different kind as that of the agent.
• Accessible / Inaccessible − If the agent’s sensory apparatus can have access to the complete
state of the environment, then the environment is accessible to that agent.
• Deterministic / Stochastic − If the next state of the environment is completely determined
by the current state and the actions of the agent, then the environment is deterministic;
otherwise it is non-deterministic.
• Episodic / Sequential − In an episodic environment, each episode consists of the agent
perceiving and then acting. The quality of its action depends just on the episode itself.
Subsequent episodes do not depend on the actions in the previous episodes.
Episodic
environments are much simpler because the agent does not need to think ahead.
CONCLUSION
• Agent and Environment are two pillars in Artificial Intelligence, our aim is to build
intellectual agents and work in an environment. If you consider broadly agent is the
solution and environment is the problem.
• In simple terms, even starter or researcher can understand that and is defined Agent
as game and Environment as ground.
• Defining both agent and an environment with several examples , so that the reader
may get attention and its contexts. Agents and Environments are not so simple. There
are types that exist in both cases, below diagram summarizes these.
 Before we start let us define few terms which will come across in the entire article.
1. Perception: what agent see the environment.
2. Perception history: It is the history of perception which comes in a specific period.
3. Actuators : A mechanism that puts something into action.
4. Effectors: Agents organs (hands and legs) that becomes active.
• Agents and Environments are compulsory to understand before we develop any kind of
Intelligent Agent for our applications. In order to design any Intellectual Agent based on
the environment , it is necessary to understand what type of agent need to build, what
it requires, what kind of equipment, etc.
REFFERENCES
 https://www.tutorialspoint.com/artificial_intelligence/artificial_intelligence_agents
_and_environments.htm#:~:text=What%20are%20Agent%20and%20Environment,l
egs%2C%20mouth%2C%20for%20effectors.

 https://medium.datadriveninvestor.com/artificial-intelligence-agents-and-

environments-9b93d73791f3

 https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/agents-artificial-intelligence/