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Laws of Thermodynamics and Gibb'S Free Energy: Department of Biochemistry Midnapore Medical College

The document discusses the laws of thermodynamics and Gibbs free energy as they relate to biological systems. It covers: 1) The first and second laws of thermodynamics concerning conservation of energy and entropy. 2) Gibbs free energy, which accounts for the energy available for work after accounting for entropy. Biological reactions occur spontaneously when ΔG is negative. 3) Exergonic reactions have negative ΔG and can occur spontaneously, while endergonic reactions have positive ΔG and require coupling to exergonic reactions. 4) The hydrolysis of ATP is a universal exergonic reaction that can drive endergonic reactions in biological systems.

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Swatej Kumar
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83 views10 pages

Laws of Thermodynamics and Gibb'S Free Energy: Department of Biochemistry Midnapore Medical College

The document discusses the laws of thermodynamics and Gibbs free energy as they relate to biological systems. It covers: 1) The first and second laws of thermodynamics concerning conservation of energy and entropy. 2) Gibbs free energy, which accounts for the energy available for work after accounting for entropy. Biological reactions occur spontaneously when ΔG is negative. 3) Exergonic reactions have negative ΔG and can occur spontaneously, while endergonic reactions have positive ΔG and require coupling to exergonic reactions. 4) The hydrolysis of ATP is a universal exergonic reaction that can drive endergonic reactions in biological systems.

Uploaded by

Swatej Kumar
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS

AND GIBB’S FREE ENERGY


Department of Biochemistry
Midnapore Medical College
Laws of Thermodynamics
• First law of thermodynamics: The total energy
of a system , including it’s suroundings,
remains constant.
• Second law of thermodynamics: The total
entropy of a system must increase if a process
is to occur spontaneously.
• Entropy: The extent of randomness or
disorder of the system.
Gibb’s free energy
• Total energy has two portions- one portion is
for entropy of the system-another portion is
’free’ for transforming and available for
different functions.
• ∆G = ∆H - T∆S
• ∆H = change in heat content(enthalpy), T =
absolute temperature, ∆G = Gibb’s free energy
change and ∆S = change in entropy.
Biological system
• Biological systems are isothermic.
• In reactions of biological system, ∆E can be
considered as ∆H, where ∆E is change of total
internal energy of the reaction.
• So the equation becomes ∆G = ∆E - T∆S .
• A reaction can occur spontaneously only if the
value ∆G is negative for the given reaction.
Exergonic and endergonic reactions

• In a given concentration of reactants and


products (considering the direction of reaction
reactants  products)
• If the value of ∆G is negative, the reaction is
called exergonic.
• If the value of ∆G is positive, the reaction is
called endergonic.
Value of ∆G
• Value of ∆G(unit = kcal/mol) depends on
these factors-

• The concentration of reactants

• The concentration of products

• The standard free energy change (∆G0)


Standard free energy change
• The standard free energy change (∆G0) is the
value of ∆G when both reactants and products
are present in 1mol/L concentration at the
start of reaction.
• In biological system, we calculate the ∆G0 at
pH 7.0 which is depicted as ∆G0’.
• ∆G0’= -RT logn K’eq , where R= gas constant and
K’eq is equilibrium constant at pH 7.0 .
The reactions of biological system
• Only exergonic reactions can occur
spontaneously.
• Endergonic reactions cannot occur
spontaneously .
• Endergonic reaction can occur only when they
are coupled with exergonic reaction and the
net ∆G is negative.
The universal exergonic reaction for
biological system
• In biological system, many reactions must take
place for different processes.
• So biological systems need exergonic reactions
that must be coupled with the endergonic
reactions.
• One such universal exergonic reaction(which
can be coupled with many types of endergonic
reactions) is ATP
= ADP + Pi (∆G = -7.3 kcal/mol)
THANK YOU

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