Types of Logical Addresses
1
• IPv4
2
• IPv6
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IPv4 ADDRESSES
An IPv4 address is a 32-bit address that uniquely and universally defines the connection of a
device (for example, a computer or a router) to the Internet.
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The address space of IPv4 is
32
2 or 4,294,967,296.
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Dotted-decimal notation and binary notation for an IPv4 address
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Example
Change the following IPv4 addresses from binary notation to dotted-decimal notation.
Solution
We replace each group of 8 bits with its equivalent decimal number (see Appendix B) and add dots
for separation.
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Example
Change the following IPv4 addresses from dotted-decimal notation to binary notation.
Solution
We replace each decimal number with its binary equivalent (see Appendix B).
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Find the error, if any, in the following IPv4 addresses.
Solution
a. There must be no leading zero (045).
b. There can be no more than four numbers.
c. Each number needs to be less than or equal to 255.
d. A mixture of binary notation and dotted-decimal
notation is not allowed.
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Types of IPv4 Address
1
• Classful Address
2
• Classless Address
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Classful Addressing
In classful addressing, the address space is divided into five classes:
A, B, C, D, and E.
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Finding the classes in binary and dotted-decimal notation
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Example
Find the class of each address.
a. 00000001 00001011 00001011 11101111
b. 11000001 10000011 00011011 11111111
c. 14.23.120.8
d. 252.5.15.111
Solution
a. The first bit is 0. This is a class A address.
b. The first 2 bits are 1; the third bit is 0. This is a class C
address.
c. The first byte is 14; the class is A.
d. The first byte is 252; the class is E.
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In classful addressing, a large part of the available addresses were
wasted.
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Classful addressing, which is almost obsolete, is replaced with
classless addressing.
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Working with IPv4
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Host & Network Part of an IP Address
For Class A: (N H H H)
First 8 bits are considered as Networks Part
Remaining 24 bits are considered as Hosts Part
For Class B: (N N H H)
First 16 bits are considered as Networks Part
Remaining 16 bits are considered as Hosts Part
For Class C: (N N N H)
First 24 bits are considered as Networks Part
Remaining 8 bits are considered as Hosts Part
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Host & Network Part of an IP Address
Examples:
Class A: 10.0.1.2
N.H.H.H
Class B: 172.10.1.2
N.N.H.H
Class C: 192.168.3.4
N.N.N.H
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Network Credentials
Network Address
Broadcast Address
Host Address (First Host & Last Host)
Subnet Mask Address
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Network Address
A network address is an identifier for a node or
host on a network
Finding Out a Network Address:
Network part as it is
Host part All ‘0’ (zero)
What is the network address of 10.0.1.2?
Ans: 10.00000000. 00000000.00000000
10.0.0.0
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Network Address Exercise
What is the Network of 11.30.2.2?
Ans: 11.0.0.0
What is the Network of 170.2.3.1?
Ans: 170.2.0.0
What is the Network of 192.20.3.1?
Ans: 192.20.3.0
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Broadcast Address
A broadcast address is a network address at which
all devices connected to a multiple-access
communications network are enabled to receive
packets.
Finding Out a Broadcast Address:
Network part as it is
Host part All ‘1’ (One)
What is the broadcast address of 10.0.1.2?
Ans: 10.11111111.11111111.11111111
10.255.255.255
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Broadcast Address Exercise
What is the Broadcast address of 11.30.2.2?
Ans: 11.255.255.255
What is the Broadcast address of 170.2.3.1?
Ans: 170.2.255.255
What is the Broadcast address of 192.20.3.1?
Ans: 192.20.3.255
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Host Address (First Host & Last Host)
A host address is the IP address of a machine in
a particular network.
Finding Out Host Address:
First Host (FH) = Network Address (NA) + 1
Last Host (LH) = Broadcast Address (BA) – 1
What is the FH & LH of a network 10.0.0.0?
NA = 10.0.0.0 BA= 10.255.255.255
FH = 10.0.0.0 LH = 10.255.255.255
+1 -1
10.0.0.1 10.255.255.254
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Host Address Exercise
Find out the First & Last host of 11.30.2.2?
Ans: FH = 11.0.0.1
LH = 11.255.255.254
Find out the First & Last host of 170.2.3.1?
Ans: FH = 170.2.0.1
LH = 170.2.255.254
Find out the First & Last host of 192.20.3.1?
Ans: FH = 192.20.3.1
LH = 192.20.3.254
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Subnet Mask Address
Subnet mask is used to determine what subnet an
IP address belongs to.
Finding Out a Subnet Mask Address:
Network part All ‘1’ (one)
Host part All ‘0’ (zero)
What is the subnet mask of 10.0.1.2?
Ans: 11111111.00000000.00000000.00000000
255 . 0 . 0 . 0
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Subnet Mask Address Exercise
What is the Subnet Mask of 11.30.2.2?
Ans: 255.0.0.0
What is the Subnet Mask of 170.2.3.1?
Ans: 255.255.0.0
What is the Subnet Mask of 192.20.3.1?
Ans: 255.255.255.0
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Default Subnet masks for classful
addressing
*CIDR = Classless Inter-Domain Routing
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IPv6 ADDRESSES
Despite all short-term solutions, address depletion is still a long-term problem for the Internet.
This and other problems in the IP protocol itself have been the motivation for IPv6.
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IPv6: motivation
32-bit address space soon to be completely allocated.
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An IPv6 address is 128 bits long.
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IPv6 address in binary and hexadecimal colon notation
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Abbreviated IPv6 addresses
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Example
Expand the address 0:15::1:12:1213 to its original.
Solution
We first need to align the left side of the double colon to the left of the original pattern and the right
side of the double colon to the right of the original pattern to find how many 0s we need to replace
the double colon.
This means that the original address is.
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Thank You
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