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Air Navigation

This document outlines the topics covered in the subject of air navigation. It discusses general navigation topics including basics of navigation, magnetism and compasses, charts, and dead reckoning navigation. It also covers radio navigation aids, instrumentation on aircraft, considerations for mass and balance, and aircraft performance. The document provides an overview of the key elements and concepts within each of these areas that are important for air navigation.

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ayush
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75 views

Air Navigation

This document outlines the topics covered in the subject of air navigation. It discusses general navigation topics including basics of navigation, magnetism and compasses, charts, and dead reckoning navigation. It also covers radio navigation aids, instrumentation on aircraft, considerations for mass and balance, and aircraft performance. The document provides an overview of the key elements and concepts within each of these areas that are important for air navigation.

Uploaded by

ayush
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Air Navigation

Content
1. General Navigation
2. Radio Navigation
3. Instrumentation
4. Mass and Balance – Aeroplanes
5. Performance
6. Flight Planning and Monitoring 
General Navigation
1. Basics of Navigation -
2.  Magnetism and Compasses
3.  Charts
4. Dead Reckoning Navigation (DR) 
5. In-flight Navigation
GN:Basics Of navigation
The solar system 
- seasonal and apparent movements of the sun 
The earth 
- great circle, small circle, rhumb line - convergency, conversion angle- latitude,
difference of latitude- longitude, difference of longitude- use of latitude and
longitude co-ordinates to locate any specific position 
Time and time conversions 
- apparent time - UTC - LMT - standard times- international dateline -
Directions- terrestrial magnetism: declination, deviation and compass
variations - magnetic poles, isogonals, relationship between true and magnetic 
Distance 
- units of distance and height used in navigation: nautical miles, statute miles,
kilometers, metres, yards and feet - conversion from one unit to another-
relationship between nautical miles and minutes of latitude  
GN:Magnetism and Compasses
General principles 
- terrestrial magnetism - resolution of the earth’s total magnetic force into vertical and
horizontal components - the effects of change of latitude on these components-
directive force  - magnetic dip- variation-Aircraft magnetism- hard iron and vertical
soft iron - the resulting magnetic fields- the variation in directive force 
Change of deviation with change of latitude and with change in aircraft’s
heading 
turning and acceleration errors 
keeping magnetic materials clear of the compass 
knowledge of the principles, standby and landing or main compasses and
remote reading compasses 
- detailed knowledge of the use of these compasses - serviceability tests 
- advantages and disadvantages of the remote indicating compasses 
- adjustment and compensation of direct reading magnetic compass 
GN: Charts 
General properties of miscellaneous type of projections 
- Mercator 
- Lambert conformal conic 
- Polar stereographic 
- Transverse mercator 
- Oblique mercator 
The representation of meridians, parallels, great circles and rhumb lines 
- direct Mercator 
- Lambert conformal conic 
- Polar Stereographic 
The use of current aeronautical charts 
- plotting positions 
- methods of indicating scale and relief 
- conventional signs 
- measuring tracks and distances 
- plotting bearings 
GN:  Dead Reckoning Navigation
- Basics of dead reckoning 
- track - heading (compass, magnetic, true, grid) - wind velocity - airspeed (IAS, CAS, TAS, Mach number) - ground speed- ETA -
drift, wind correction angle - DR-position, fix 
- Use of the navigational computer 
- speed - time - distance - fuel consumption - conversions - heading - airspeed - wind velocity 
- The triangle of velocities, methods of solution for the determination of 
- heading - ground speed - wind velocity - track and drift angle, track error - time and distance problems 
- Determination of DR position 
- need for DR - confirmation of flight progress (mental DR) - lost procedures - heading and TAS vector since last confirmed
position - application of wind velocity vector - last known track and ground speed vector - assessment of accuracy of DR position 
- Measurement of DR elements 
- calculation of altitude, adjustments, corrections, errors - determination of temperature - determination of
appropriate speed - determination of mach number 
 Resolution of current DR problems by means of 
- mercator charts - lambert charts - polar stereographic projections 
- Measurement of 
- maximum range - radius of action - point-of-safe-return and point-of-equal-time 
- Miscellaneous DR uncertainties and practical means of correction 
 
GN: In-flight Navigation
 - Use of visual observations and application to in-
flight navigation 
- Navigation in climb descent 
- average airspeed - average wind velocity - ground
speed/distance covered during climb or descent 
- Navigation in cruising flight, use of fixes to revise
navigation data as 
- ground speed revision - off-track corrections -
calculation of wind speed and direction - ETA revisions 
- Flight log (including navigation records) 
Radio Navigation
1. Radio Aids
Ground D/F (including classification of bearings) - principles - presentation and interpretation - coverage - range -
errors and accuracy - factors affecting range and accuracy
- ADF (including associated beacons and use of the radio magnetic indicator) - principles - presentation and
interpretation - coverage - range - errors and accuracy - factors affecting range and accuracy
- VOR and Doppler – VOR (including the use of the radio magnetic indicator) - principles - presentation and
interpretation - coverage - range - errors and accuracy - factors affecting range and accuracy 
- DME (distance measuring equipment) - principles - presentation and interpretation - coverage - range - errors and
accuracy - factors affecting range and accuracy
- ILS (Instrument Landing System) - principles - presentation and interpretation - coverage - range - errors and
accuracy - factors affecting range and accuracy

2. Basic Radar Principles


SSR secondary surveillance radar and transponder - principles - presentation and interpretation -
modes and codes, including mode S

3. Self-contained and External-Referenced Navigation Systems


Satellite assisted navigation: GPS / GLONASS - principle of operation - advantages and disadvantages
Instrumentation
 Flight Instruments
a) Air data instruments - pitot and static system - pitot tube, construction and principles of
operation - static source - malfunction - heating  - alternate static source 
 - Altimeter - construction and principles of operation - display and setting - errors -
correction tables - tolerances 
 - Airspeed indicator - construction and principles of operation - speed indications (IAS) -
meaning of coloured sectors - maximum speed indicator, VMO, MMO pointer - errors 
- Vertical Speed Indicator (VSI) - aneroid and instantaneous VSI (IVSI) - construction and
principles of operation - display 

b) Gyroscopic instruments  Gyro fundamentals - theory of gyroscopic forces (stability,


precession), Directional gyro - construction and principles of operation, Attitude indicator
(vertical gyro) - construction and principles of operation,

c) Magnetic Compass 

d) Radio Altimeter - components


Instrumentation
 Power Plant and System Monitoring Instruments 
Pressure Gauge ,Temperature Gauge ,RPM Indicator ,Consumption Gauge,
Fuel Gauge, Torque Meter ,  Basics of Electronic Displays
Mass and Balance
a) Introduction to Mass and Balance Centre of gravity (cg): Definition, importance in regard to aircraft stability (Aeroplane) , Mass
and balance ,consult aeroplane flight manual for: cg limits for take-off, landing, cruise configurations ,maximum floor load 
maximum ramp and taxi mass (Aeroplane) ,factors determining maximum permissible mass : structural limitations, performance
limitations such as – runway available for take-off and landing, weather conditions (temperature, pressure, wind, precipitation);
rate-of-climb and altitude requirements for obstacle clearance; engine-out performance requirements ,factors determining cg
limits: aircraft stability, ability of flight controls and surfaces to overcome mass and lift pitching moments under all flight conditions,
changes in cg location during flight due to consumption of fuel, raising and lowering of undercarriage, and intentional relocation of
passengers or cargo, transfer of fuel, movement of centre of lift because of changes in position of wing flaps
b) Loading 
- Terminology: empty mass, dry operating mass (empty mass + crew + operating items + unusable fuel), zero fuel mass, standard
mass – crew, passengers and baggage, fuel, oil water (volume/mass conversion factors), carry-on luggage, useful load (traffic load +
usable fuel 
- Effects of overloading: high take-off and safety speeds, longer take-off and landing distances, lower rate-of-climb, influence on
range and endurance, decreased engine-out performance, possible structural damage in extreme cases 
c) Centre of Gravity (cg) 
- basic of cg calculations (load and balance documentation) 
- Datum – explanation of term, location, use in cg calculation - Moment arm – explanation of term, determination of algebric
signs, use - Moment – explanation, moment = mass x moment arm - Expression in percentage of mean aerodynamic chord (%
MAC) 
- Calculation of cg 
- Effect of load-shift - movement of cg. Possible out of limits - possible damage due to inertia of a moving load - effect of
acceleration of the aircraft load 
  
Performance
 a) Performance of Single-Engine Aeroplanes 
 - definitions of terms and speeds used 
 - Take-off and landing performance 
 - Effect of aeroplane mass, wind, density, altitude, runway slope, runway conditions- Use of aeroplane flight
manual data 
 - Climb and cruise performance 
 - use of aeroplane flight data - effect of density altitude and aeroplane mass - endurance and the effects of the
different recommended power settings - still air range with various power settings 
 b) Performance of Multi-Engine Aeroplanes 
 - definitions of terms and speeds used - any new terms used for multi-engine aeroplane performance - 
 Importance of performance calculations 
 - determination of performance under normal conditions - consideration of effects of pressure altitude,
temperature, wind, aeroplane mass, runway slope, and runway conditions 
 Elements of performance 
 - take-off and landing distances - obstacle clearance at take-off 
 - rate of climb and descent - effects of selected power settings, speeds, and aircraft configuration 
 - Cruise altitudes and altitude ceiling - en-route requirements 
 - Payload/range trade-offs 
 - Speed/economy trade-offs 
 - Use of performance graphs and tabulated data - performance section of flight manual
Flight Planning and Monitoring
 .

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