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Unit III: Non-Linear Applications: Course: Linear Integrated Circuits 19EECC203

This document discusses the non-linear applications of operational amplifiers covered in the Linear Integrated Circuits course. It covers topics like comparators, zero crossing detectors, Schmitt triggers, and waveform generators. It provides circuit diagrams and explanations of how each circuit works. It also lists some example applications and characteristics of comparators. Finally, it poses some problems and review questions related to analyzing and designing non-linear op-amp circuits.

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Kedar Bikk
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58 views

Unit III: Non-Linear Applications: Course: Linear Integrated Circuits 19EECC203

This document discusses the non-linear applications of operational amplifiers covered in the Linear Integrated Circuits course. It covers topics like comparators, zero crossing detectors, Schmitt triggers, and waveform generators. It provides circuit diagrams and explanations of how each circuit works. It also lists some example applications and characteristics of comparators. Finally, it poses some problems and review questions related to analyzing and designing non-linear op-amp circuits.

Uploaded by

Kedar Bikk
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Course: Linear Integrated Circuits

19EECC203

Unit III: Non- Linear Applications

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PO’s
• Course Outcome being addressed is
– Design and analyze the non linear applications of Op-Amp
for the given specifications
• Program Outcomes being addressed are
– PO 1.4- Demonstrate competence in electronics and
communication engineering problem
• PO1.4.2- Ability to understand electronic circuits
– PO2.1- Demonstrate an ability to identify and characterize
an engineering problem
• PO2.1.2- Identify engineering systems, variables and parameters
to solve the problems

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Contents
• Comparators
• Zero crossing detector circuit
• Schmitt Trigger Circuit
• Waveform generators
• Sample and hold circuit

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Transfer Characteristics

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Comparators
Comparators is an Op-Amp circuit that compares two input voltages and
produces an output indicating the relationship between them.

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Working Principle-
Non-inverting Comparator with positive and negative
reference voltage
Case 1: When VIN < VREF
VID = - Potential

Case 2: When VIN > VREF

VID = + Potential
3V
4V
1V
0V

a.
b. V IN =
VIN = 4Vsinωt
4Vsinωt
VREF =
VREF = 2V
- 2V

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Inverting Comparator with positive and negative
reference voltage

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Application of comparators

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Characteristics of Comparator
• Speed of Operation
• Accuracy
• Compatibility of Output

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Zero Crossing Detector

Case 1: VIN < 0


VOUT = -VSAT

Case 2: VIN > 0


VOUT = +VSAT

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Question
• Draw the circuit diagram of Inverting Zero-
crossing detector and it’s output waveform.

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Applications
• Used as a tracker circuit to track the sinusoidal
waveform crossing the zero voltage during its
transition from positive to negative potential.

• Used as a square wave generator.

• It also is used as marker generator, frequency counter.

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Disadvantages
• In some applications the input signal may be a
low frequency signal, in this case VO may not
switch quickly from one saturation voltage to
other.

• The output voltage may fluctuate between


+VSAT and –VSAT due to presence of noise at the
input terminal of Op-Amp.

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Schmitt Trigger Circuit
-1V
-3V
1V
0V
4V
3V

Assume VOUT = +VSAT


VIN = 4Vsinωt VINV>IN V
< LTP
VUTP VIN >< VUTP
LTP VLTP = - 2V
VUTP = + 2V VOUT
VOUT = -=V+SAT
VSAT VOUT = +V
-VSAT
SAT
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Design equations and transfer characteristics
• There are two threshold levels:
– For Upper threshold voltage (UTP)

– For Lower threshold voltage(LTP)

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Transfer characteristics

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Waveform Generators
• Typically there are
– Square wave generators
– Triangular Wave generators
– Saw tooth wave generators

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Square Wave Generators
0V VOOT

When V2 > V1
Assume initially VC=0V
VID = +- Potential
Potential
VOUT = -V+VSAT
SAT

19
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• Voltage across V1 when output voltage is
-VSAT is

• Voltage across V1 when output voltage is +VSAT

• Time Period of the output waveform is given


by
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Triangular Wave Generator

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Alternate Circuit

Assume Vo1 = +VSAT


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Output Waveform

Output Waveform amplitude and frequency

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Saw tooth wave generator

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Sample and Hold Circuit

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• Sampling Rate : Fs >= 2Fm

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Problems
• In the circuit of the Schmitt trigger R2= 56KΩ,
R1= 100Ω, VIN= 1Vpp sine wave and the Op-
Amp is type 741 with supply voltages = ± 15V.
Determine the threshold voltages VUTP and
VLTP. Draw the output waveform.

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• Design the square wave generator so that fo=1KHz. The Op-
Amp is of the type 741 with DC Voltages= ± 15V

Let R2= 1.16 R3 then


fo=1/2RC
Let R3= 10KΩ then
R2=11.6KΩ
Using fo equation and assuming
C=0.05µF design the value of Rf

Rf= 10kΩ

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Review Questions in Lesson Plan
Questions TLO BL PI Code
What is comparator? What is the difference between a 1 2 1.4.2
basic comparator and the Schmitt trigger?
List the important characteristics of the comparator? 1 2 1.4.2
Explain Zero crossing detectors.
Explain sample and hold circuit with neat circuit schematic. 1 2 1.4.2
Design a circuit using Op-Amp to obtain the following 2 3 2.1.2
transfer characteristics with VLTP=-2V; VUTP=2V; Vsat=15V; –
Vsat=15V. Explain the operation using waveforms and obtain
the expressions.

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Thank You

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