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Fluid Machine For Chemical Engineers (Cheg2101) : Capacity Regulation

This document discusses various methods for regulating the capacity of fluid machines, including pumps, fans, positive displacement pumps, dynamic compressors, reciprocating compressors, and rotary compressors. The main methods covered are regulation by throttling, speed, bypass, inlet guide vanes, stroke length adjustment, clearance volume, and using multiple machines in parallel or series. Throttling, speed, and bypass regulation are some of the most common approaches, though their effectiveness and efficiency can depend on the specific machine type.

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selemon emiru
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43 views

Fluid Machine For Chemical Engineers (Cheg2101) : Capacity Regulation

This document discusses various methods for regulating the capacity of fluid machines, including pumps, fans, positive displacement pumps, dynamic compressors, reciprocating compressors, and rotary compressors. The main methods covered are regulation by throttling, speed, bypass, inlet guide vanes, stroke length adjustment, clearance volume, and using multiple machines in parallel or series. Throttling, speed, and bypass regulation are some of the most common approaches, though their effectiveness and efficiency can depend on the specific machine type.

Uploaded by

selemon emiru
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Fluid Machine for Chemical

Engineers(Cheg2101)
CHAPTER 7
Capacity Regulation
Objective:-
Regulating the capacity of fluid machines so as to work on their design
capacity
To understand the various techniques used for regulating the capacity of
fluid machines

7.1. Dynamic Pumps


Capacity regulation method of centrifugal and axial flow
pumps and fans are similar.

Main methods are


 Throttling
 speed
 bypass regulation and
 multiple pumps in parallel and series.
7.1.1. Regulation by Throttling

Capacity is regulated by varying flow area of the valve at the


suction or discharge line
(cont.)

Discharge Throttling
It is the simplest and common Capacity regulating method
(cont.)

Suction Throttling
 Similar except that its valve is placed suction line.
 It is not advisable.?
7.1.2. Regulation by Speed
It is usually works for fluid machine works using steam
turbine or variable pump capacity.
7.1.3 Bypass Regulation ( for pumps)

Running pumps at low flow rate is not advisable due to


Poor efficiency
Friction
Bypass regulation is a good alternative in such cases.
(cont.)

• Bypass regulation is passing fluid at high flow


rate then returning back part of it.
7.1.4 Pumps in Parallel and in Series
Pumps in Parallel
Multiple pumps in parallel are used when it is desired to
get higher flow rate.
(cont.)
Capacity regulation of two pumps in parallel
Pumps in Parallel and in Series
Pumps in series
Series arrangement is used when it is desired
to get increased head.
Cont…
Overall Efficiency of Pumps Working in Parallel
For two pumps
Overall Efficiency of Pumps Working in Series

Similar analysis leads us to the result

Therefore the formula is the same when the pumps


work in parallel and series.
When the pumps have equal brake power, the overall
efficiency will be the arithmetic mean
7.2 FANS
The capacity of fans can be regulated by
Have the same
 speed principle
multiple fans in series and parallel like cent. pumps
inlet guide vanes

Inlet Guide Vanes


Inlet-guide vanes are adjustable vanes at the inlet of
fans.
Inlet guide vanes can be used both to increase the
head and to reduce it by causing change in the
characteristic curve.
7.3 POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT PUMPS

•No appreciable capacity regulation is achieved by


throttling for systems with positive displacement
pumps.
Commonly used capacity regulation methods for
PDPs are speed, bypass, regulation by stroke length
adjustment (reciprocating pumps)
Regulation by Speed
The capacity of the pump directly related with the
speed .
7.4 DYNAMIC COMPRESSORS
Speed Regulation
the capacity of centrifugal compressors, like that of pumps and
fans can be regulated by changing the speed of the drive.
Wide range of speed variation is possible when the compressor
is driven by steam turbine or internal combustion engine.
Inlet Guide Vanes
Inlet-guide vanes are adjustable vanes at the inlet to
the first stage and sometimes to succeeding stages that
cause the angle of approach of the incoming gas to
change relative to the rotating impeller.
This changes the flow characteristic in response to
varying load requirements.
Effect of guide vanes on performance characteristics of
centrifugal compressors
Suction Throttling
When the suction flow is throttled the pressure of the
gas at the inlet of the impeller reduces due to the
pressure drop across the valve.
This action results in a higher total head if the
discharge pressure is kept constant and the dynamic
head of the system is changed.
Discharge Throttling
At reduced flow the compressor develops more head than the
process requires.
This extra head is removed by throttling before passing to the
process equipment, but the energy consumed is wasted.
Therefore this method is relatively inefficient. (applicable
for small duty compressor where efficiency is not a
critical issue)
7.5 RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS

Regulation by Speed
Opening Inlet valves
Varying Clearance Volume
 fixed clearance volume
 variable clearance volume

Bypass Regulation
Not recommended most of the time since
 the energy used to compress the excess gas is wasted
 the gas from the discharge line is hot and it should be cooled to the
suction temperature before it is turned back to the suction line.
7.6 ROTARY COMPRESSORS

Just as in the other positive displacement machines the


common capacity regulation method is speed
regulation.
Bypass regulation may also be used even though it is
energy inefficient method.

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