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Addis Ababa University School of Civil and Environmental Engineering

This document provides an introduction and overview of surveying. It defines surveying as determining the relative positions of points on the Earth's surface and establishing those points. Surveying is classified into plane surveying, which assumes a flat Earth, and geodetic surveying, which accounts for the spherical shape. Surveying is also classified based on the type of field (land, hydrographic, astronomical) and instruments used (chain, compass, plane table, theodolite). The document outlines common units of measurement, scales used in maps and plans, and purposes and stages of surveying work.

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Henok Asmamaw
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210 views

Addis Ababa University School of Civil and Environmental Engineering

This document provides an introduction and overview of surveying. It defines surveying as determining the relative positions of points on the Earth's surface and establishing those points. Surveying is classified into plane surveying, which assumes a flat Earth, and geodetic surveying, which accounts for the spherical shape. Surveying is also classified based on the type of field (land, hydrographic, astronomical) and instruments used (chain, compass, plane table, theodolite). The document outlines common units of measurement, scales used in maps and plans, and purposes and stages of surveying work.

Uploaded by

Henok Asmamaw
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Addis Ababa University

School of Civil and Environmental


Engineering
Chapter One
Introduction
Definition of Surveying
• Surveying :
is the science, art, and technology of
determining (measuring) the relative position of
points above, on or beneath the Earth surface or
of establishing such points.
OR in general
• The discipline that encompasses all methods for
measuring and collecting information about
physical earth and our environment, transferring
information and disseminating resulting product
General purposes of surveying

• For preparation of map and plan

• Setting out

• Computation such as area and volume


Classification of surveying
• Surveying is primarily divided in to two parts.
Plane Surveying
Geodetic Surveying
• Plane Surveying is type of surveying which:
• Assumes that the Earth is flat (plane)
• most commonly practiced form of surveying
• Curvature is ignored and calculations are performed using the
formulas of plane trigonometry
• Is done on an area of less than 250km2
• mostly used in any engineering work like highway, canal, and
bridge etc
Geodetic Surveying - type of surveying which
• consider the shape of the earth as spherical or
ellipsoid of revolution.
• height are referenced to the surface of mean ellipsoid
or mean sea level (MSL).
• Involves large areas (in excess of 250km2) where the
curvature of the earth is important
• The line joining any two points considered as a
curved line
Classification of Surveying Based on Nature of the Field
Surveying is classified in to three parts according to their field:
1. Land Surveying
• Topographical Surveying: - This kind of surveying is to show
the topography of mountain, terrain, river, water bodies, and
roads.
• It is three-dimensional. Topographical maps are used to
select routes, crossing for bridges, canals, and dams.
• Cadastral Surveying: - The main aim of these surveying is to
fix boundary lines, calculation of the area of land properties
and preparation of revenue map for the state.
• This surveying is generally plotted to large scale than
topographical surveying.
• City Surveying: - a surveying carried out for the construction
of roads, parks, water supply for any developing township.
2. Hydrographic Surveys: - This survey deals with the
surveying of mapping of large water bodies for the
purpose of navigation, construction of harbor works, oil
and natural gas exploitation

3. Astronomical Surveys:-These Survey which are carried


out for determining the absolute location i.e. latitude of
different place on the earth surface and direction of line on
the surface of the earth by making observation to heavenly
bodies i.e. stars & Sun.
classification based on purpose

Surveying is also classified based up on purpose as:


Engineering Surveying- for the execution of engineering works
such as roads, railways, dams.
• This the survey work require before, during and after a
engineering work
Engineering survey is further classified into the following three
types:
1) Reconnaissance Survey
This survey is performed for determining the feasibility of work and
to estimate the rough cost of the scheme
2) Preliminary Survey
This survey is performed for collecting more precise data to choose
the best location for the work and to estimate the exact quantities
and cost
3) Location Survey
This survey is performed for setting out the work on the ground
Mine Survey- for the control of underground
workings for mineral extraction.
• Performed above and below ground to
guide tunneling and other operations
associated with mining.
Geological Survey- for determining
different strata in the earth
Military survey - for determining points
of strategic importance

Archeological Survey - Used to accurately


assess the relationship of archaeological sites in a
landscape
 to accurately record finds on an archaeological site.
Classification based on instruments

Chain Surveying
Compass Surveying
Plane table Surveying
Theodolite Surveying,
Tacheometer Surveying
GPS
Photogrammetric Surveying.
Stages of surveying works
i. Planning, analysis and decision - no. of crew, measuring
instrument, measurement methods, and time of measurement
has to be planned.
ii. Care and adjustment of instrument - surveying requires
experience in handling the equipment used in field and office
works.
iii. Field works - consists of the measurement of angles and
distances and the keeping of record of what has been done in
the form of field notes.
Field note includes numeric values, sketches and explanatory
notes.
iv. Office works - consists of data processing, drafting
computing and designing.
v. Setting out works - Marking the required points and
sections using peg on the field.
Units of measurement
• Generally measurements are classified in to two parts.
Linear measurement
Angular measurement
•Linear measurements: the basic unit used is the meter. Decimal fractions
of the meter are also used when accuracy is required. Other units include the
foot, the inch, the yard, the mile, etc.
Length
SI System
1 decameter = 101 m 1 decimeter = 10-1 m = 1 dm
1 hectometer = 102 m 1 centimeter = 10-2 m = 1 cm
1 kilometer = 103 m 1 millimeter = 10-3 m = 1 mm
Area
1 acre = 102 m2 1 square decimeter = 10-2 m2
1 hectare = 104 m2 1 square centimeter = 10-4 m2
1 square kilometer = 106 m2 1 square millimeter = 10-6 m2
Volume
cubic meter (m3), dm3, cm3, mm3
Angular measurement - There are three systems used for
plane angle measurements
i. Sexagestimal units - used in many parts of the world and
measure angles in degrees, minute and seconds of arc. A
circle is divided into 360 equal degrees
ii. Radian units - are another unit of angle measurement
used in most softwares and mesure angle in rad
1 radian = 57.2957 degrees,
1 degree = 60’= 3600 ‘’= 0.0174532
radians.
iii. Centesimal system is common in Europe and measure
angles in gons (g).

Half circle π rad = 180 ° = 200 gon


1 gon=100cgon =1000mgon
Example

Change 92 grad (gon) to degree minute second format


and rad
Solution
2 rad = 360 = 400 gon
1) In degree = (92x360)/400 = 82.8 = 82 + 0.8
0.8 = 0.8x60 = 48’
92 grad = 82 48’
2) In rad = (92x2)/400 = 1.445 rad
Scale
• The scale of a map or a plan is the ratio of a distance measured
on the plan or map to its corresponding distance on the ground.
• Scale primarily depends on the type of the work done (the
accuracy with which a distance is to be transferred from the map
or the plan).
• Scales may be categorized as follows:
For maps
• Large scales < 1:200
• Intermediate scales 1:2000 to 1:10,000
• Small scales 1:10,000 to 1:100,000,000
For plans
• Site plans 1:50 to 1:500
• Detail plans 1:1 to 1:20
A scale bar or a graphical scale is another form of indicating the
scale of a drawing.

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