CS 111

INTRODUCTION TO
COMPUTER SCIENCE
Fall 2018

By Wessam El-Behaidy & Amr S. Ghoneim

Assistant Professors,
Computer Science Department
LECTURE 2
Introduction
OUTLINE
 This lecture covers:
 What is a Computer?
 Computer terminology.
 Generations of Computers.
 Computers classification.
 Hardware & Software.

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WHAT IS A COMPUTER?

 A programmable, electronic device that accepts data, performs

operations on that data, and stores the data or results as needed.
 Computers follow instructions, called programs, which
determine the tasks the computer will perform.
 The term computer is derived from the word compute, it
means to calculate.
 Its basic operations:

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DATA VS. INFORMATION
 Data
− Raw, unorganized facts
− Can be in the form of text, graphics, audio, or video

 Information
− Data that has been processed into a meaningful form

 Information processing
− Converting data into information

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 ;Ismail al-Jazari
Fifth Invented the first
THE
First EVOLUTION
Second OF COMPUTERS
Third Fourth
generation programmable
generation generation generation generation
Present-humanoid robot in
1956–1940 1963–1956 1971–1964 1971–2012 .1206
future

Artificial
Univac Transistors Microprocessor
interlligence

Integrated
circuits

ENIAC Assembly Quantum

silicon chip
computers languages computing

Alan Turing; Father

of theoretical computer ;Ada Lovelace
science and artificial Writer of the world's first
.intelligence .computer program
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George Boole; Invented Boolean logic, the basis

.of modern digital computer logic
GENERATIONS OF COMPUTERS
 The history of computers is often referred to in terms of
generations.
 Each new generation is characterized by a major technological
development that fundamentally changed the way computers
operated.
 Pre-computers and early computers (before 1940)
− Abacus

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GENERATIONS OF COMPUTERS
− Slide Rule

− Mechanical Calculator.

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GENERATIONS OF COMPUTERS
− Punch Card Tabulating Machine and Sorter.

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 .consumption
FIRST GENERATION 1940-1956: VACUUM:Examples
TUBES
UNIVAC and ENIAC
 Vacuum tube based.
 Magnetic drums for memory.
 Input using Punched cards.
 Large in size.
 Produce enormous heat.
 Lack in versatility and speed.
 Expensive.
 High electricity consumption.
 Examples:
− UNIVAC and ENIAC
A vacuum-tube circuit storing 1 byte 10
 SECOND GENERATION 1956-1963: TRANSISTORS

 Using transistors, it becomes smaller, faster, cheaper,

energy-efficient and more reliable.
 Produce considerable heat.
 Used punched cards for input and printouts for
output.
 Magnetic core memory introduced.
 Assembly languages allowed programmers to
specify instructions in words.
An array of magnetic
core memory
very expensive
$1 million for 1
Mbyte! 11
THIRD GENERATION 1964-1971: INTEGRATED
CIRCUITS
 Based on Integrated Circuits (ICs).

 Transistors were made smaller in size and

placed on silicon chips.

 Smaller size, faster, lower cost and more

efficient.

 Keyboards and monitors were used.

 They were interfaced with an operating

system which allowed to solve many
problems at a time.
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 FOURTH GENERATION 1971-PRESENT:
MICROPROCESSORS
 Miniaturization took over;
− From SSI (10-100 components per chip)
− MSI (100-1000),
− LSI (1,000-10,000),
− VLSI (10,000+)
 Thus the size of the computer got reduced.
 Intel developed a CPU on a single chip (the microprocessor).
 This led to the development of microcomputers (Personal
computers (PCs) and later workstations and laptops).
 They could be linked together to form networks, which
eventually led to the development of the Internet.
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FIFTH GENERATION (PRESENT & BEYOND):
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

 The speed is extremely high.

 The concept of Artificial intelligence (AI) has been

introduced to allow the computer to take its own decisions.
 It is still in a developmental stage.

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COMPUTERS CLASSIFICATION

 Six basic categories of computers:

− Embedded computers
− Mobile devices
− Personal computers
− Midrange servers
− Mainframe computers
− Supercomputers

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EMBEDDED COMPUTERS

 Designed to perform specific tasks or functions for that

product.
 Cannot be used as general-purpose computers.

 Often embedded into:

− Household appliances
− Thermostats
− Sewing machines
− Cars

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MOBILE DEVICES

 A very small device with some type of built-in computing or

Internet capability
 Typically based on cellular phones
 Examples:
− Smart phones
− Smart watches
− Handheld gaming devices
− Portable digital media players

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PERSONAL COMPUTERS
 A computer system designed to be used by one person at a
time, Also called a microcomputer.
 Can be:

− Desktop PCs:
fit on or next
to a desk

− Portable PCs:
Notebook (laptop)
or Tablets
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 MIDRANGE SERVERS

 Midrange server: A medium-sized computer used to host

programs and data for a small network, Also called a
minicomputer.
 a midrange server is usually located in an out-of-the-
way place and can serve many users at one time.
 Users connect via a network
with a desktop computer,
portable computer, thin
client, or a dumb terminal
consisting of just a monitor
and keyboard.

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MAINFRAME COMPUTERS

 Mainframe computer: Powerful computer used by several large

organizations to manage large amounts of centralized data.
 Standard choice for large organizations, hospitals, universities,
large businesses, banks, government offices.
 Located in climate-controlled data centers and connected to the
rest of the company computers via a network.
 Larger, more expensive, and more powerful than midrange
servers.
 Usually operate 24 hours a day.

 Also called high-end servers or enterprise-class servers.

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MAINFRAME COMPUTERS

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SUPER COMPUTERS

 Supercomputer: Fastest, most expensive, most powerful

type of computers.
− Generally run one program at a time, as fast as
possible.
− Commonly built by connecting hundreds of smaller
computers, supercomputing cluster.
− Used for space exploration, satellites, weather forecast,
oil exploration, scientific research, complex Web sites,
decision support systems, 3D applications, etc.
 Grid computing: Using the unused processing power of a
large number of computers to work together on a single
task.

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SUPER COMPUTERS

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COMPONENTS OF COMPUTERS

 Hardware
The physical components present in the computer.

 Software
It is a collection of programs and it can perform some operations.

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HARDWARE (BASIC COMPUTER
ORGANIZATION)
Communication
Devices

Central Processing
Unit

Input Output
Main Memory
Primary storage
RAM

Secondary Storage 25
 HARDWARE

 Central Processing Unit (CPU)

− This is where the calculations are performed and logical
functions are carried out.
− Has three parts:
• Control Unit: controls all the operations in computer.
• Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU): all the arithmetic
and logic operations are performed in it.
• A set of registers: is used for temporarily storing data
or instructions in CPU.

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 HARDWARE
 Primary Storage
− is computer memory that is accessible to the CPU of a
computer without the use of computer's input/output channels.
− Has three kinds:
• Processors Registers: contain information that the ALU
needs to carry out the current instruction. They are the fastest.
• Main memory (RAM): It contains the programs that are
being run and the data the programs are operating on. It is
temporary memory and is erased when you turn off your
computer.
• Cache memory: is used to increase CPUs performance. It
stores a copy of the instructions and data to be immediately
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used instead of main memory.
HARDWARE
 Input devices;
− Anything that feeds the data into the computer.
− Keyboards, mice, scanners, cameras, microphones,
joysticks, etc.
 Output devices;
− Present results to the user.
− Monitors, printers, speakers, projectors, etc.
 Storage devices;
− Used to store data on or access data from storage
media.
− Hard drives, DVD disks and drives, USB flash drives,
etc. 28
HARDWARE
 Communications devices;
− Allow users to communicate with others and to
electronically access information.
− Modems, network adapters, etc.

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 SOFTWARE
 The programs or instructions used to tell the computer
hardware what to do.
− System software: Operating system allows a computer
to operate
• Boots the computer and launches programs at the
user’s direction.
• Most use a GUI to interact with the user via
windows, icons, menus, buttons, etc.
• Windows, Mac OS, Linux, etc.
− Application software: programs which allow the
Computer to carry out specific tasks related to the users
such as payroll processing, inventory control, or word
processing. 30
ANNOUNCEMENTS
 The Course Plan & Lecture 1 were posted online (
https://www.facebook.com/amr.s.ghoneim/) last
week. Please read them carefully.
 Lecture 2 & Sheet # 1 were posted online this week.
 Submissions of Sheet #1 is during next week’s Labs
(i.e., week 3, starting on Sunday 7th of October).
 Quiz # 1 will be held in the week after (i.e., week 4,
starting on Sunday 14th of October) during the Labs.

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THANKS

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