MATH 103 LOGIC and SET THEORY
MATH 103 LOGIC and SET THEORY
Ed
MATH 103
LOGIC
reasoning conducted
or assessed according Tool for working
to strict principles of complicated compound
validity. statements.
TRUTH
VALUE:
true/false
PROPOSITION? YES or NO?
SIMPLE
COMPOUND
PROPOSITIONS
PROPOSITION
- A proposition that
conveys one thought - Contains of two or more
simple propositions that
and no connecting
are put together using
words.
connective words e.g. if,
then, or, and etc..
Let p and q be
propositions. LOGICAL CONNECTIVES
DISJUNCTION IMPLICATION BICONDITIONAL
(v) = “or” () = “then” () = “if and only if”
CONJUNCTION - “p or q” denoted as p ^ q which - “if p then q” denoted as pq - “p if and only if q” denoted as
is false only when both p and q which is false only when p is true pq which is true only when both p
(^) = “and” and q is false. and q have the same truth values
- “p and q” denoted as p ^ q are false, otherwise, it is true.
which is true only when both p TRUTH VALUE
and q are true, otherwise, it is TRUTH VALUE
TRUTH VALUE p q pq
false. p q
p q pvq pq
TRUTH VALUE T T T
T T T T T T
p q p^ T F F
q T F T T F F
F T T
T T T F T T F T F
F F T
T F F F F F F F T
F T F
NEGATION TRUTH VALUE
F F F
(¬) = “not” p ¬p q ¬q
- The truth value of the negation is T F T F
always the reverse of the truth
value of the original statement. F T F T
DEDUCTIVE ARGUMENT- the truth of the conclusion is a logical consequence of
the premises-if the premise are true, then the conclusion must be true.
Contrapositive:
If it they do not cancel school, then it does not rain
Writing an Argument in Symbolic Form
Write an Arguments in Symbolic Form and Valid Arguments
Given Propositions: p q ¬p ¬q (p¬q) ((p¬q)^¬p) ((p¬q)^¬p)q
I have a college degree (p)
I am lazy (q)
T T F F F F T
Arguments:
If I have a college degree, then I am not lazy. T F F T T F T
I don’t have a college degree.
Therefore, I am lazy. F T T F T T T
F F T T T T F
Symbolic form:
If I have a college degree, then I am not lazy (p¬q)
I don’t have a college degree (¬p)
Therefore, I am lazy (q) Argument is INVALID
Hypothesis: ((p¬q)^¬p)
Conclusion: q
SETS
DISJOINT SET
EQUAL SET -Sets have no common elements.
-A=B, if and only if A and B have -Ex: A={a,b,c};B={e,f,g}
exactly the same elements.
- Ex: A = { h, o, p, e}; B = {p,o,e,h}
SUBSET
-A B, if every element of A belongs to
EQUIVALENT SET B.
- Ex: A = {1,2,3}; B = {1,2, 3, 4,5)
-A~ B, if and only if A and B have
the same number of elements.
- Ex: A = {l,o,v,e}; B = {a,b,c,d} UNIVERSAL SET
-Sets of all elements that are being considered.
-Ex: A={a,b,c d};B={e,f,g}:U= {a,b,c,d,e,f,g}
ILLUSTRATION OF SETS
SET BUILDER
VENN DIAGRAM ROSTER
NOTATION
U
A A = {x∈U⎥x is a natural
1 A = {1, 2, 3} number less than 4}
3
2
BASIC OPERATIONS ON SETS
A∪B = sets of all elements found in A or B or UNION Ex: A = {a,b,c,d} ∪ B={b,e,f,g} = {a,b,c,d,e,f,g}
both = {x⎥x∈A or x∈B} SETS