CLOSED LOOP SPEED CONTROL OF 3-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR DRIVES

NORTH EASTERN REGIONAL INSTITUTE OF

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Nirjuli, A.P.

Submitted By; Under the Guidance of:

Rajesh Kr Yadav Dr. A. K. Singh
( MT/20/PSE/012) H. O. D. EE Dept.
 CONTENTS
Abstract
Introduction
Literature review
Objectives
Research Methodology
Construction and Assembly
Calculation and Evaluations
Results and Discussion
Future scope
 Abstract
Induction motors are the most widely used electrical motors due to
their reliability, low cost and robustness. However, induction motors
do not inherently have the capability of variable speed operation. Due
to this reason, earlier dc motors were applied in most of the electrical
drives. But the recent developments in speed control methods of the
induction motor have led to their large scale use in almost all
electrical drives.
Out of the several methods of speed control of an induction such as
pole changing, frequency variation, variable rotor resistance, variable
stator voltage, constant V/f control, slip recovery method etc., the
closed loop constant V/f speed control method is most widely used.
In this method, the V/f ratio is kept constant which in turn maintains
the magnetizing flux constant so that the maximum torque remains
unchanged. Thus, the motor is completely utilized in this method.
 Introduction
Induction Motor is being widely used in industrial and domestic purposes, rolling mills,
paper machines, textile mills, machine tools, fans, pumps, robots, washings machines
etc. Due to easy maintenance and robustness, three-phase induction motor is now being
used in vehicles also . The systems that are employed for this purpose are called drives.
An industrial drive has some special features when driven by electric motors. The speed-
torque characteristic of the motor can be very easily modified to suit the load
characteristic. It has a sufficient overload capacity and can be overload for short periods
without affecting the life of the motor
 
Industrial drives demand very precise variations in speed. This can be easily
accomplished by means of an electrical motor, up to an accuracy of 1 %.
 An electrical drive is easy to maintain and can even be operated in a contaminated
atmosphere.
 Such a system, if makes use of electric motors is known as an electrical drive. In
electrical drives, use of various sensors and control algorithms is done to control the
speed of the motor using suitable speed control methods. The basic block diagram of an
electrical drive is shown below:
The following are the components of electric drive.

Source (Energy requirement for the operation the system)

Power Modulator (Modulate (adjust or convert) power flow from the source to the
load)
Motor (Actual energy converting machine (electrical to mechanical))
Load (A machinery to accomplish a given task. Ex-fans, pumps, washing machine
etc.)
Sensing Unit (Measure the real time operating  condition)
Control Unit (Adjust motor and load characteristics for the optimal mode.)
introduction
Variable Frequency Drive (VFD) can be used in lots of fields. Variable frequency drives
are widely used to control the speed of AC motors, like conveyor systems, blower speeds,
pump speeds, machine tool speeds, & other applications that require variable speed with
variable torque. In some applications such as speed control for a conveyor, the variable
frequency drive is installed with a remote potentiometer that personnel can adjust
manually to set the speed for the conveyor. In this type of application, the personnel who
use the conveyor can manually set the motor speed with the minimum & maximum
frequency that is programmed into the variable frequency drive parameters. Following
tables will guide you the general purpose VFD and vector VFD applications
 1.3 V/f Control of Induction Motor Drive: An Introduction
 There are various methods for the speed control of an Induction Motor. They are:
 Pole Changing
 Variable Supply Frequency Control
 Variable Supply Voltage Control
 Variable Rotor Resistance Control
 V/f Control
 Slip Recovery
 Vector Control
 Of the above mentioned methods, V/f Control is the most popular and has found widespread
use in industrial and domestic applications because of its ease-of-implementation. However, it
has inferior dynamic performance compared to vector control. Thus in areas where precision is
required, V/f Control are not used. The various advantages of V/f Control are as follows:
 It provides good range of speed.
 It gives good running and transient performance.
 It has low starting current requirement.
 It has a wider stable operating region.
 Voltage and frequencies reach rated values at base speed.
 The acceleration can be controlled by controlling the rate of change of supply frequency.
 It is cheap and easy to implement.
  
 LITERATURE REVIEW
 Induction Motors are often termed the “Workhorse of the
Industry”. This is because it is one of the most widely used motors
in the world. It is used in transportation and industries, and also in
household appliances, and laboratories. The major reasons behind
the popularity of the Induction Motors are:
Induction Motors are cheap compared to DC and Synchronous
Motors. In this age of competition, this is a prime requirement for
any machine. Due to its economy of procurement, installation and
use, the Induction Motor is usually the first choice for an operation.
 Induction Motors have very high starting torque. This property is
useful in applications where the load is applied before starting the
motor.
Objective of the Project

To study the speed control of 3-phase Induction motor

method.
To study the variable frequency control of an induction
motor.
The main objective of the project is to develop a model or
models to implement V/f control of an induction motor.
To study the variable frequency control from current
source.
To the study current regulated voltage source inverter
control.
The VFD shown as three separate sections: rectifier (where AC is
converted to DC); the DC intermediate circuit which contains the
capacitor and inductor for filtering. The third section is the DC-to-
AC inverter where DC is turned back to three-phase AC.

VFD connect to standard AC induction motors, and have

capabilities of adjustable speed, torque, and horsepower control
similar to the principles of DC drives. VFDs have made AC 
squirrel cage induction motors as controllable and efficient as their
DC counterparts. AC induction motor speed depends on the
number of motor poles and the frequency of the applied power. The
number of poles on the stator of the motor could be increased or
decreased, but this has limited usefulness. Although the AC
frequency of the power source in the fixed at 50 Hz,
Research Methodology
I read earlier that how to control speed of 3-phase
induction motor.
 .Variable frequency control
 . Slip Speed Control
Their study was experimental based.
I want to control the speed of the 3-phase induction
motor through current source.

 Current Limit Control

Figure :- Schematic for current limit

control
 

Current limit control is used to limit the current to the converter and motor for
quick variable operations. The feedback in this is the motor current and it is fed to a
threshold logic circuit. The threshold logic circuit just monitors till the motor current is
below the maximum permissible current. Once that is breached the feedback loop
activates and forces the current to normal and once it has been achieved the feedback
loop becomes inactive.
 
CURRENT SOURCE INVERTER (CSI) FED INDUCTION MOTOR
DRIVES
 In current source inverters, the input current is constant but adjustable.
 The magnitude of output current of CSI is independent of the load.
 But the magnitude of output voltage depends on the type of load.
 A CSI converts the input dc current into an ac current at its output
terminals.
 The output frequency of ac current depends upon the triggering of
SCRs.
 Magnitude of output current can be adjusted by controlling the
magnitude of dc input current.
 Out of the force commutated CSIs, Auto Sequential Commutated
Inverter (ASCI) is the most popular CSI.
 A single phase ASCI is shown in Fig.
 Fig. CSI fed Induction Motor Drive
These thyristor large inductance is connected to make this inverter as current source
inverter.
 A are fired in sequence with 600 intervals.
 Diodes D1 to D6 are connected in series with thyristors to prevent the discharge of
capacitors through load.
 The inverter output frequency is controlled by adjusting the period T through
triggering circuits of thyristors.
CLOSED LOOP CONTROL OF CURRENT SOURCE INVERTER (CSI) FED INDUCTION MOTOR DRIVES

Fig. Closed loop CSI fed IM drive

Terminal voltage is kept constant above base speed which gives constant
power operation.
The actual speed ωm is compared with the reference speed ωm * .
 The speed error is processed through a speed controller (normally a PI
controller) and a slip regulator.
Slip regulator controls the slip speed (Ns – Nr). The sum of rotor speed ωm
and slip speed ωsl gives the synchronous speed. This determ .
Constant flux operation below base speed is obtained when the slip speed (or
rotor frequency) and inverter current Is have the relationship as shown in Fig.
This relationship is maintained by flux control block. Flux control block
produces a reference signal Id * based on the value of ωsl* .
This Id * will adjust the dc link current Id through a closed loop to maintain
constant flux.
Both speed and current controllers use PI controllers to get good steady state
accuracy.
If the speed of the drive is to be increased, then the required speed is set as
reference speed ωm * . Now the speed error is positive and slip speed (Ns – Nr)
also positive.
The drive now accelerates at maximum current in motoring mode.
When the motor speed equals the reference speed, the motor continues to
rotate at that speed where the motor torque equals load torque.
 . CONCLUSION
The simulation of a VSI fed closed loop „v/f‟ method of speed
control of an induction motor is studied and the same is
implemented in laboratory using PC and an add-on card. The
simulation results show that the variable voltage variable
frequency control allows induction motor drive with good
running and transient performance. Also it is observed that the
variation in the speed of induction motor with change in load
torque is reduced with the help of closed loop control. The
implementation of the same using PC and an add-on card
results show that the C program developed to carry out the
function of speed control of the system, continuously monitors
the actual speed and changes the control voltage in such a way
as to make the motor speed and reference speed same
 REFERENCES
•Copal K. Dubai, “Fundamental Of Electrical Drives”, Narosa Publication
House, Second Edition, 2011.
Mohammad Reza Nikzad , Behzad Asaei and Seyed Omid Ahmadi, “Discrete
Duty-Cycle-Control Method for Direct Torque Control of Induction Motor Drives
With Model Predictive Solution,” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics,
volume march 2018.
[ Juan Nunez Forestieri, Mehdi Farasat, and Andrzej M. Trzynadlowski, “Indirect
Real and Reactive Power Control of Induction Motor Drives,” IEEE Journal of
Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics 2018.

M. Swargiary, J. Dey, and T. K. Saha, “Optimal Speed Control of Induction

Motor Based on Linear Quadratic Regulator Theory,” in 2015 Annual IEEE India
Conference (INDICON), 2015.
Ali JA, Hannan M, Mohamed A. Improved indirect field-oriented control of
induction motor drive based PSO algorithm. Jurnal Teknologi, vol.2016.
H. Maghfiroh, C. Hermanu, M. H. Ibrahim, M. Anwar, and A. Ramelan,
“Hybrid fuzzy-PID like optimal control to reduce energy consumption,”
TELKOMNIKA, vol. 2020.
THANK YOU