Chapter 4

Video and Animation

 Video Concept
• Motion video and computer based animation
have become basic media for multimedia
systems. Some essential conditions related to
video system are:
• Video signal representation:
- In black and white TV sets, video signal is
displayed using a CRT(cathode Ray tube). Video
signal representation includes three aspects:
i. Visual representation
ii. Transmission
iii. Digitization
i. Visual representation:
-The main objective of video is to offer the viewer
a scene of presence in the scene and offer
participation in the events shown.
-To meet this objective the shown image should
give spatial and temporal content of the
scene.
There are several important measures which are:
1.Vertical detail and viewing distance:
• The geometry of the TV image depends on the
ratio of the picture width W to height H,
generally referred to as aspect ratio. The
conventional aspect ratio is 4/3.
2. Horizontal detail and picture width The
picture width for conventional TV is 4/3 of the
picture height.
3. Total Detail Content of the Image
• vertical resolution = number of pixels in the
picture height.
• Number of pixels in width of picture = vertical
resolution x aspect ratio
• 4. Perception of depth
• • Perception of depth depends primarily on
the angular separation of the images received
by the two eyes of the viewer.
• • In flat screen of TV, a considerable degree of
depth is inferred from the perspective
appearance of the object matter.
5.Luminance and Chrominance:
Color vision is achieved through three signals,
proportional to the relative intensities of Red,
Green and Blue light (RGB) in each portion of
the screen.
• However, during the transmission of the signals
from camera to the receiver (display), a
different color encoding that uses luminance
and two chrominance signals are used.
6. Temporal aspects of illumination:
In contrast to continuous pressure waves of an
acoustic signal, a discrete sequence of
individual pictures can be perceived as a
continuous sequence.
• To represent visual reality, two conditions
must be met: • Rate of repetition of images
must be high enough to guarantee smooth
motion from frame to frame. • The rate must
be high enough so that persistence of vision
extends over intervals between discrete
flashes.
7. Continuity of Motion:
• We perceive continuity of motion at any frame
rate faster than 15 frames per second.
• Smooth video motion is achieved at 30 frames
per second.
• Movies use 24 frames per second and have a
jerkiness especially when large objects are
moving fast and close to the viewer and
• The NTSC (National Television Systems
Committee) standard for motion video signal
specified frame rates of 30/sec, as compared
to 25/sec for the European PAL system.
8. Flicker :
Flicker effect arises due to a periodic fluctuation
of brightness perception in a slow motion. The
marginal value avoid flicker is at least 50
refresh cycles per second.
To achieve continuous flicker- free motion we
need a relatively high refresh frequencies.
9. Temporal aspect of video bandwidth: The
temporal specification of a motion video is to
determine which video bandwidth to use to
transmit it.
 Computer Video Formats Computer Video
Controller Standards:
• • Color Graphics Adapter (CGA) has a
resolution of 320x200 pixels with
simultaneous presentation of 4 colors. The
storage capacity pe r image is therefore:
• 320 x 200 pixels x 2bits/pixel = 128000 bits =
16,000 bytes
• • The Enhanced Graphic Adapte r (EGA)
supports a resolution o f 640x350 pixels with
16-colo r presentation resulting in a storage
capacity of 112,000 bytes per image.
• The Video Graphic Array (VGA ) works mostly with a
resolution o f 640x480 pixels and can display 256
colors simultaneously.
• The monitor is controlled through an RGB output.
The storage capacity per image is then 307,200
bytes.
• The Super VGA (SVGA) offers resolutions up to
1024x768 pixels and color formats up to 24 bits pe r
pixel. The storage capacity pe r image is then
2,359,296 bytes.
• Low-cost SVGA video adapters with video
accelerator chips overcome the speed penalty
of using a higher resolution.
• The oldest standard for transmission and
reception of video signals is the NTSC
(National Television Systems Committee).
• • To encode color, a video signal is a
composite of three signals. • For transmission
purposes, a video signal consists of one
luminance and two chrominance signals.
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• Transmission :
Video signals are transmitted to receivers
through a single television channel. For
transmission purpose, a video signal consists
of one luminance and two chrominance signal.
• Chrominance (chroma or C for short) is the signal used
in video systems to convey the color information of
the picture, separately from the accompanying luma
 signal (or Y' for short).
• Chrominance is usually represented as two color-
difference components:
• U = B′ − Y′ (blue − luma) and V = R′ − Y′ (red − luma).
Each of these difference components may have scale
factors and offsets applied to it, as specified by the
applicable video standard.
• In composite video signals, the U and V signals
modulate a color subcarrier signal, and the
result is referred to as the chrominance signal;
the phase and amplitude of this modulated
chrominance signal correspond approximately
to the hue and saturation of the color. In
digital-video and still-image color spaces such
as Y′CbCr, the luma and chrominance
components are digital sample values.
 Luminance:
• The color television signal that is intended to
have exclusive control of the luminance of the
picture. Also known as Y signal.
• Separating RGB color signals into luma and
chrominance allows the bandwidth of each to
be determined separately.
• Typically, the chrominance bandwidth is
reduced in analog composite video by
reducing the bandwidth of a modulated color
subcarrier, and in digital systems by chroma
subsampling.
Conversion from RGB to YIQ
 digitization
• Before transmitting a motion video over computer
network, it needs to be converted from analog to
digital representation.
• Digitization is a process of converting the analog
signals to a digital signal. A sampling rate is the
number of times the analog sound is taken per
second. A higher sampling rate implies that more
samples are taken during the given time interval and
ultimately, the quality of reconstruction is better.
• Audio and video digitization uses one of many 
analog-to-digital conversion processes in which a
continuously variable ( analog ) signal is changed,
without altering its essential content, into a
multi-level (digital) signal. The process of
sampling measures the amplitude (signal
strength) of an analog waveform at evenly
spaced time markers and represents the samples
as numerical values for input as digital data.
Transmitter side
 Digital video:
• Digital video by sampling/quantizing analog video
raster  BT.601 video • Directly p g gg capture
digital video using digital cameras • A digital video
(including all color components) is compressed into
a bit stream, which can be stored on a disk or
transmitted over the air or through wires a disk or
transmitted over the air or through wires •
Transmission is achieved through digital modulation
– Converting gp p each bit or a group of bits into a
preset waveform
 Animation
• Animation is the process of designing,
drawing, making layouts and preparation of
photographic sequences which are integrated
in the multimedia and gaming
products. Animation involves the exploitation
and management of still images to generate
the illusion of movement.
• Animation is the art of bringing inanimate
objects or characters to life, a world where
reality meets imagination. It involves special
effects, graphics and software technologies
that create virtual experiences.
• 5 Types Of Animation: Finding Inspiration In All Styles
• Cel (Celluloid) Animation. This is the original hand-
drawn cel animation where the artist literally has to
draw thousands of images on special paper and have
them photographed, frame by frame.
• 2D Animation.
• 3D Animation.
• Motion Graphics.
• Stop Motion.
• There is several animation languages already
develop. All of them can be categories under
three groups:
1. linear list notations language: 
• It is the specially animation supporting language.
Each event in the animation is described by start
and ending frame number and an action that is
to take place (event). The example of this type of
languages is SCEFO (scene format).
For example:
42, 53, B, rotate, “palm”, 1, 30
Here,
42 => start frame no.
53 => ending frame no.
B => table.
Rotate => action.
Palm => object.
1 => start angle.
30 => end angle.
• 2. General purpose languages: 
• The high level computer languages which are
developed for the normal application software
development also have the animation
supporting features along with graphics
drawing, For example QBASIC, C, C++, java etc.
• 3. Graphical language: 
• it is also computer high level language and
especially develop for graphics drawing and
animation has been already develop for e.g.
AutoCAD.
• Display of animation: 
• To display the animation on video motivator as a series of
horizontal scan lines from top to bottom in pixels (raster system).
• The animated object must be scan, converted into their pixmap
image in the frame buffer.
• The conversion must be done at least ten times per second
(preferably 15 to 20 times), for smooth animations effects. Hence
a new image must be created in no more than 100 milliseconds,
from these 100 milliseconds scan conversion should take only a
small portion of time, so that redraw and erase of the object on
the display can be done fast enough.
• Key Framing
• A keyframe is a frame where we define
changes in animation. Every frame is a
keyframe when we create frame by frame
animation. When someone creates a 3D
animation on a computer, they usually don’t
specify the exact position of any given object
on every single frame. They create keyframes.
• Keyframes are important frames during which
an object changes its size, direction, shape or
other properties. The computer then figures
out all the in-between frames and saves an
extreme amount of time for the animator. The
following illustrations depict the frames drawn
by user and the frames generated by
computer.
• Morphing
• The transformation of object shapes from one
form to another form is called morphing. It is
one of the most complicated transformations.
• We have many Animation method of controlling are given
• 1 procedural control
• 2 full explicit control
• 3 kinematic as well as dynamic
• 4 tracking live action
• 5 constraint based system  
• 6 Manual Recycling
• 7 Auto-Recycling
• 8 Create control and stop as well as animation controller allows to start
(see method start) animations, pause (see method pause)
• see method resumes see method speed, and see method state.
• 9 adjust the animation time (see property time).