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FEM3004 Chapter 6 and 7 Hypothesis Test Large Sample

This document discusses hypothesis testing for large samples using z-tests. It provides examples of testing: [1] the single mean, [2] the single proportion, [3] the difference between two means, and [4] the difference between two proportions. For each example, it calculates the test statistic and determines whether to reject the null hypothesis based on the significance level and critical value or p-value approach. The key steps in hypothesis testing and the concepts of Type I and Type II errors are also defined.

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JASMINE WONG XIN LIN / UPM
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56 views13 pages

FEM3004 Chapter 6 and 7 Hypothesis Test Large Sample

This document discusses hypothesis testing for large samples using z-tests. It provides examples of testing: [1] the single mean, [2] the single proportion, [3] the difference between two means, and [4] the difference between two proportions. For each example, it calculates the test statistic and determines whether to reject the null hypothesis based on the significance level and critical value or p-value approach. The key steps in hypothesis testing and the concepts of Type I and Type II errors are also defined.

Uploaded by

JASMINE WONG XIN LIN / UPM
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CHAPTER 6 & 7

LARGE SAMPLE TESTS OF HYPOTHESES

1.Testing the single mean & single proportion

2.Testing the difference between two means


& difference between two proportions
Terms
I. Parts of a Statistical Test
1. Null hypothesis: a contradiction of the alternative
hypothesis
2. Alternative hypothesis: the hypothesis the researcher wants
to support.
3. Test statistic and its p-value: sample evidence calculated
from sample data.
4. Rejection region—critical values and significance levels:
values that separate rejection and nonrejection of the null
hypothesis
5. Conclusion: Reject or do not reject the null hypothesis,
stating the practical significance of your conclusion.
Terms
II. Errors & Statistical Significance
1. The significance level  is the probability if rejecting H 0
when it is in fact true.
2. The p-value is the probability of observing a test statistic
as extreme as or more than the one observed; also, the
smallest value of  for which H 0 can be rejected.
3. When the p-value is less than the significance level  ,
the null hypothesis is rejected. This happens when the
test statistic exceeds the critical value.
4. In a Type II error,  is the probability of accepting H 0 when
it is in fact false. The power of the test is (1  ), the
probability of rejecting H 0 when it is false.
Terms
III. Large-Sample Test
Statistics Using the z
Distribution
To test one of the four
population parameters
when the sample sizes
are large, use the
following test statistics:

statistic-hypothesized value
z
standard error of statistic
Example 1 (testing the single mean)
The daily yield for a chemical plant has averaged 880
tons for several years. The quality control manager wants
to know if this average has changed. She randomly
selects 50 days and records an average yield of 871 tons
with a standard deviation of 21 tons.

H 0 :   880 Test statistic :


x   0 871  880
H a :   880 z   3.03
s/ n 21 / 50
Using critical value approach:
What is the critical value of z that
cuts off exactly /2 = .01/2 = .005 in the tail of the z
distribution?
For our example, z = -3.03
falls in the rejection
region and H0 is rejected
at the 1% significance
level.

Rejection Region: Reject H0 if z > 2.58 or z < -2.58. If the


test statistic falls in the rejection region, its p-value will be
less than a = .01.
Using p-value approach:
p - value : P ( z  3 .03)  P ( z   3 .03)
 2 P ( z   3 .03)  2 (. 0012 )  .0024

This is an unlikely
occurrence, which
happens about 2 times in
1000, assuming  = 880!
Example 2 (testing the single proportion)
Regardless of age, about 20% of American adults
participate in fitness activities at least twice a week. A
random sample of 100 adults over 40 years old found
15 who exercised at least twice a week. Is this evidence
of a decline in participation after age 40? Use α = .05.

Test statistic :
H 0 : p  .2
pˆ  p0 .15  .2
H a : p  .2 z   1.25
p0 q0 .2(.8)
n 100
Using critical value approach:
What is the critical value of z that cuts off exactly
a= .05 in the left-tail of the z distribution?
For our example, z =
-1.25 does not fall in
the rejection region &
H0 is not rejected.
There is not enough
evidence to indicate
that p is less than .2
for people over 40.
Rejection Region: Reject H0 if z < -1.645. If the test statistic
falls in the rejection region, its p-value will be less than  = .05.
Example 3 (testing difference between two means)
Avg Daily Intakes Men Women
Sample size 50 50
Sample mean 756 762
Sample Std Dev 35 30

• Is there a difference in the average daily intakes of


dairy products for men versus women? Use α = .05.
H 0 :  1   2  0 (same) H a :  1   2  0 (different )
Test statistic :
x1  x2  0 756  762  0
z   .92
2 2 2 2
s1 s2 35 30
 
n1 n2 50 50
Using p-value approach:
p - value : P ( z  .92)  P ( z  .92)
 2(.1788)  .3576

Since the p-value is


greater than  = .05, H0 is
not rejected. There is
insufficient evidence to
indicate that men and
women have different
average daily intakes.
Example 4 (testing difference between two proportions)
Youth Soccer Male Female
Sample size 80 70
Played soccer 65 39

Compare the proportion of male and female college


students who said that they had played on a soccer
team during their K-12 years using a test of hypothesis.

H 0 : p1  p 2  0 (same) H a : p 1  p 2  0 (different )
C alculate pˆ 1  65 / 80  . 81 pˆ 2  39 / 70  . 56
x1  x 2 104
pˆ    .69
n1  n 2 150
Using p-value approach:
Youth Soccer Male Female
Sample size 80 70
Played soccer 65 39

Test statistic :
pˆ 1  pˆ 2  0 .81  .56
z   3.30
1 1  1 1 
pˆ qˆ    .69(.31)  
 n1 n2   80 70 

p - va lue : P ( z  3 . 3 0 )  P ( z   3 . 3 0 )  2 (. 0 0 0 5 )  . 0 0 1
Since the p-value is less than α = .01, H0 is rejected. The
results are highly significant. There is evidence to indicate
that the rates of participation are different for boys and
girls.

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