CHAPTER 2(A)
LUBRICATING
SYSTEM
PURPOSE
Thelubricating system supplies oil to all
moving parts in the engine
COMPONENTS
1) Oil Pan (Sump)
• The sump is bolted to the engine under
the crankcase.
• It is a reservoir, or storage container, for
the engine lubricating oil, and a collector
for oil returning from the engine
lubricating system.
• In some designs, the oil pan is an
aluminum alloy casting with fins to assist
in heat transfer.
2) Oil Pump
Oil pumps deliver oil under pressure to the
internal engine parts ( filter, main bearing and
other parts)
Two types of oil pumps
a) gear type oil pump
b) rotor type oil pump
3) Oil Filter
• The oil filter helps to
clean the oil in the system
• There are two basic oil-filtering systems - full-
flow, and by-pass. The full-flow type filters all
of the oil before delivering it to the engine.
The by-pass type only filters some of the oil.
• Most oil-filters on diesel engines are larger
than those on similar gasoline engines, and
some diesel engines have two oil filters.
4) Oil Cooler
• An oil cooler prevents the oil from
getting too hot
• In diesel engines, the oil cooler and oil filter are
often on the same mounting , on the cylinder
block.
• The oil cooler is a heat exchanger. It transfers
heat from the oil to coolant from the cooling
system.
• In another design, the oil cooler is mounted in the
airstream at the front of the vehicle. This type of
oil cooler uses the flow of air passing across its
fins to cool the air circulating through it. It is
called an oil-to air heat exchanger.
5) Oil Pressure Relief Valve
The pressure relief valve is used to prevent
excessive oil pressure in the engine
OPERATION
• The oil pump picks up oil from the oil
pan.
• The pump sends the oil through the oil
filter and then galleries (passages) to the
main bearings that support the crankshaft.
• Some oil flows from the main bearings
through oil holes drilled in the crankshaft
to the rod bearings. The oil flows through
the bearing oil clearance and then is
thrown off the moving parts.
At the same time, oil flows through an oil
gallery to the cylinder head. There the oil
flows through an oil gallery to lubricate the
camshaft bearings and valve train part.
After the oil circulates to all engine parts, it
drops back down into the oil pan
PURPOSE OF LUBRICATING
OIL
The oil lubricates moving parts to reduce
wear
As the oil moves through the engine, the
oil picks up heat
Oil fills the clearances between bearings
and rotating journals.
- the oil helps cushion the shock
- this reduces bearing wear
The oil acts as a cleaning agents
PROPERTIES OF LUBRICATING
OIL
1) Proper Viscosity
Viscosity is a measure of oil’s resistance to
flow.
A low viscosity oil is thin and flow easily.
A high viscosity oil is thicker and flows
more slowly
Engine oil should have the proper viscosity
so it flows easily to all moving part.
2) Viscosity Index
This is a measure of how much the viscosity
of an oil changes with temperature
Viscosity index improvers are added to engine
oil so its viscosity stays nearly the same, hot or
cold
3) Viscosity Numbers
Winter grade oils are SAE 5W, SAE 10W,
SAE 15W, SAE 20W and SAE 25W.
SAE – Society of Automotive Engineers.
W – winter
The high number, the thicker the oil.
4) Multiple Viscosity Oil
Many engine oils have a viscosity index
improver added
SAE 5W-30 has viscosity of an SAE 5W oil
when cold and SAE 30 oil when hot.
Lubricating oil
- Mineral (SAE 10W-30)
- Semi synthetic (SAE 10W-40)
- Fully synthetic (SAE 5W-40)
5) Corrosion and Rust Inhibitors
Additives are put in the oil to help fight
corrosion and rust in the engine
6) Foaming Resistance
To prevent from foaming
Foaming can cause the oil to overflow and
pass through the crankcase ventilation system
into the intake manifold and air cleaner.
CD means the oil is suitable for
certain naturally aspirated,
API Service Category for gasoline turbocharged and supercharged
engines
engines: SG is for oils that meet
CE means the oil is suitable for certain
warranty requirement effective heavy duty turbocharged or
with the 1989 model year supercharged engines
CF means the oil is for use in high
speed, 4 stroke cycle engine
Multi grade oil. The W means it will
perform well in winter conditions. The Energy conserving oils reduce power
lower at first number, the better ability losses from internal friction. This
to flow in extremely cold weather and means that more power gets through to
the easier the engine will crank and the drive wheels, resulting in better
start fuel mileage
The second number in multi grade
rating indicates the suitability for hot
weather service. The higher number,
the hotter weather it can handle
Synthetic Oil
These oil are made by chemical processes and do
not necessarily come from petroleum
There are several types. The most common is
made from carbon compound and alcohols.
Another is made from coal and crude oil
Synthetic oil tolerates heat better than other oils
while producing less sludge and carbon deposits.
Using synthetic oil can safely run longer between
oil changes.
