REVIEW ON

QUESTIONED DOCUMENT

PREPARED BY: SHELLA DEBBIE C. MANINGO, RCRIM, MSCJ

GENERAL DEFINITION OF TERM
 Document – any material containing marks, symbols or signs either visible, partially visible that may
ultimately convey a meaning to someone.
Latin word “documentum”, means lesson or example or instruction or
official paper
French word “docere”, means to teach
 Questioned document – is any material which some issue has been raised or which is under scrutiny.
AGOSA
 Disputed document – a term suggesting that there is an argument or controversy over the document.
 Standard – set of authentic specimens which, if adequate and proper should contain a cross section of
the material from a known source.
 Exemplar – term used by some document examiners and atty. To characterize known material
 Holographic document (holograph) – any document completely written and signed by one person
 Kinds of Document
 Public document – notarized by a notary public or competent public official
with solemnities required by law
 Official document – issued by the government or its agents or its officers
having the authority to do so and the offices
 Private document – executed by private without the intervention of a notary
public of any person legally authorized, by which documents, some
agreements is proved evidence
 Commercial document – executed in accordance with the Code of commerce
 Electronic document – exists only in electronic form such as data stored on a
computer, network are e-mails, instant messages, spreadsheets, websites
 Nature and Classification of Documents

1. General – document receiving full circulation

communications from the government
2. Limited – documents for which wide circulation is
unnecessary because of the temporary nature of the
documents
3. Restricted – applies exclusively to documents whose
content requires that they be treated as confidential
or withheld from public circulation
Writings which do not constitute
documents
1. A draft of a Municipal payroll which is not yet approved
by the proper authority
2. Mere blank forms of official documents, the spaces of
which are not filled up
3. Pamphlets or books which do not evidence any disposition
or agreement are not documents but are mere merchandise
 Classes of Questioned Documents
1. Documents with questioned signatures
2. Questioned documents alleged to have been containing fraudulent
alterations
3. Questioned or disputed holographic wills/ notarial wills
4. Documents investigated on the question of typewriting
5. Questioned documents on issues of their age or date
6. Questioned documents on issues of materials used in their production
7. Documents investigated because it is alleged that they identify some
persons through handwriting
Questioned Document Examination
terms:
 Addition – any matter made a part of the document after its original preparation may be
referred to as addition
 Alteration – refers to any change in the writing made by the party thereto
 Cancellation – it refers to any matter that is out, strike out or scratched out after its original
preparation
 Document examiner – refers to anyone who studies scientifically the details and elements
of documents in order to identify their source
 Forensic Document examiner – refers to a person who studies all aspects of a document to
determine its authenticity, origin, handwriting, photocopies, inks and papers
 Erasure – the removal of writings, typewriting or printing, from a document is an erasure
 Examination – act of making close and critical study of any material and with questioned
documents
 Questioned Document Examination
terms:
 Expert witness – a legal term used to describe a witness who by reason of his special
trainings permitted to express an opinion regarding the issue which is involved in a court
of action
 Insertion – it is the addition of writing and other material between lines or paragraphs or
the addition of whole page to a document
 Obliteration – the blotting out or shearing over the writing to make the original invisible to
as an addition
 Opinion – refers to the document examiner’s conclusion

Two principles:
a. Law on Multiplicity of Evidence
b. Principle of identification
 Divisions of Questioned Document
Examination
 Criminalistics Examination
 Handwriting Identification/ analysis

THREE Aspects of Questioned Document Examination

1. Handwriting and Hand printing

Examination which includes signatures for the purpose of determining genuineness and authorship. (Hand
written)

Handwriting:

Conventional- Extended- longhand or cursive writing. The letters are joined.

Manuscript Script- disconnect writing. Kind of handwriting most often

learned by schoolchildren who are just beginning to write.
2. Typewriting / Type print, Photocopiers, Laser printers, Label makers

Examination for determination of genuineness and source which includes check writing.
(Machine Made)

3.Miscellaneous Document Examination

1.Detection of alteration
2.Decipherment of erased writing
3.Restoration of faded writing
4.Determination of genuineness of currency
5.Other related examination
a .Printing Processes
b. Ink, Pencil, Paper
c. Alterations, additions, erasures, obliterations
d. Indentations
e. Sequence of Strokes
f. Physical Matching
Scientific Method in Questioned
Document Exaination
a. Analysis – properties or characteristics, observed or measured
b. Comparison – properties of the unknown determined thought analysis are now
compared with the familiar or recorded properties of known items
c. Evaluation - similarities or dissimilarities in properties will each have certain
values for identification, determine the likelihood of occurrence
d. Verification – its is the process of double checking tha accuracy and correctness
of the examination
Instruments and apparatus used in
QDE
 Magnifying lens – max. diameter is 4 inches, 5 times or more magnifying power
 Shadowgraph – pictorial image formed by casting a shadow , usually of the hands, upon a
rightful surface or screen
 Stereoscopic binocular microscope – a tri-dimensional (3D)enlargement
 Measures and Test plates
 Table lamps with adjustable shades – used for controlled illumination
 Transmitted light gadget
 Ultra- violet lamp – used in the detection of counterfeited bills, security features of
qualified documents
Instruments and apparatus used in
QDE
 Infrared viewer – used to decipher writings in a charred document
 Comparison microscope
 Video spectral comparator – used in the examination of masked or obliterated
text, watermarks
 Electrostatic Detection Apparatus – device that can detect indention writings can
records transparencies of any indentations
TECHNIQUES USED IN THE EXAMINATION OF QD

1. Microscopic examination –used to detect retouching, patching and

unnatural pen lifts in signature analysis.
2. Transmitted light examination – used to determine the presence of
erasures, matching of serration and some other types of alteration
3. Oblique light examination – used to determine decipherment of
faded handwriting, determination of outlines in traced forgery and
embossed impression
4. Photographic examination – it is essential in every document
examination, it can record actual observations
TECHNIQUES USED IN THE EXAMINATION OF QD

5. Ultraviolet examination – this is done in the darkroom which

should be in a minimum duration in order to prevent the writing
ink and the typewriter ribbon from fading. It is used for several
pages and substitution is being suspected
6. Electrostatic detection (ESDA) – detects indented writings and
records transparency of any indentions
7. Vide spectral comparator (VSC) – used in the examination of
masked or obliterated text, water marks, visible fluorescence
(paper) and oblique illumination of indented writing and
embossing.
8. Preparation of court exhibits
 Handwriting Identification
Handwriting - it is the result of a very complicated series of acts,
being used as whole, combination of certain forms of visible mental
and muscular habits acquired by long, continued painstaking effort.
Kinds of writings
a. cursive
b. script
c. BLOCK
School Copybook Form (school model) – refers to standard of
handwriting instruction taught in particular school
Physiological basis of handwritings
Cortex – part of the brain where impulses to form the letters emanates.
Agraphia- a disease in the brain that affects the ability of the person to write.

Muscles that control the writing process

FLEXOR MUSCLE- muscle that controls the downward movement process of the writing

EXTENSOR MUSCLE- muscle that controls the upward movement of the writing process.

LUMBRICAL MUSCLE- muscle that controls the lateral movement of the writing process.
Development of handwriting of an
individual
 Children learn writing by following the school copy or model
 Acquiring some degree of skill the children no longer follow the
school model
 As speed increases, conscious design and regularity begin to break
down
 In the course of trial and error, modification are made,
simplification and elaborations, addition and omissions occur
Systems of early American
handwriting
1. Old English round hand – Italian hand popular in 1840
2. Modified round hand – early edition of the Spencerian, copybook
1840-1860
3. Spencerian – simplification by the omission of extra strokes and
flourishes
4. Modern vertical writing 1890-1900
5. Arm movement writing
 HISTORY OF WRITING
Writings are letters or symbols that are written or imprinted on a
surface to represent the sounds or words of language.
Cave drawings were the most familiar early writings and in fact
the first recorded record of prehistoric people. Cave drawings are
called petroglyphs or petrograms which were developed between
20,000 and 10,000 BC. These paintings are gradually developed into
word pictures or ideographs which were used by Sumerians,
Chinese, Aztecs, Mayas and Egyptians.
 HISTORY OF WRITING
These word pictures developed into symbols which were then
use to present sound or syllables called phonographs. This then
developed into simplified phonetic symbols called phonetic
alphabet/ phoenecian (an alphabet of characters intended to
represent specific sounds of speech 22 letters written from right to
left). The Greek alphabet derived from Phoenecian alphabet and
has been used by the Greeks. Alphabet stems from the first two
letters of the Greek Alphabet alpha and beta. (24 letters include
vowels written from left to right ).
HISTORY OF WRITING

The Greek Alphabet evolved into the Roman

Alphabet initially consisted of disconnected capital
letters. Roman scribes invented the lowercase letters
that were patterned from the capital letters.
HISTORY OF WRITING

Cuneiform is a system of writing first developed by

the ancient Sumerians of Mesopotamia c. 3500-3000
BCE. The name cuneiform itself simply means
"wedge shaped", from the Latin cuneus "wedge" and
forma "shape," and came into English usage
probably from Old French cunéiforme.
HISTORY OF WRITING

Egyptian hieroglyphs ("god's words") were a

formal writing system used by the ancient Egyptians
that combined logographic and alphabetic elements.
Hieroglyphs are related to two other Egyptian
scripts, hieratic and demotic
ROMAN ALPHABET
Baybayin (Alibata): The Ancient Filipino Alphabet

The term baybay literally means "to spell" in Tagalog.

Baybayin was extensively documented by the Spanish. Some
have incorrectly attributed the name Alibata to it, but that
term was coined by Paul Rodríguez Verzosa after the
arrangement of letters of the Arabic alphabet (alif, ba, ta
(alibata), "f" having been eliminated for euphony's sake).
 Terminologies related to handwriting
Identification and Examinations
 Alignment – relation of parts of the whole of writing or individual letters in words
to the baseline
 Arcade forms – forms that look like arches rounded on the top and open at the
bottom
 Cacography – refers to bad writing
 Calligraphy – art of beautiful writing
 Characteristics – any mark which distinguishes a document
 Collation – side by side comparison (juxta position)
 Disguised writing – handwriting in which the writer alters his handwriting
characteristics to conceal his identity
 Terminologies related to handwriting
Identification and Examinations
 Downstroke – the movement of pen towards the writer
 Form – the writer’s chosen writing style
 Garland forms – a cup like connected forrn that is open at the top and rounded on
the bottoms
 Graphoanalysis – study of handwriting based on the two fundamental stroke, the
curve and the straight curves
 Graphometry – analysis by comparison and measurement
 Graphology – art of determining character disposition
 Hand lettering – any disconnected style of writing in which each letter is written
separately
 Terminologies related to handwriting
Identification and Examinations
 Left-hand writing – wrong hand writing
 Line direction – movement of the baseline
 Line quality - overall character of the ink lines from the beginning to the ending
strokes
 Manuscript writing – disconnected form of script or semi-script writing
 Movement – an important element of writing
 Natural writing – specimen executed normally without any attempt to control or
alter its identifying habits
 Natural variations – normal and usual deviations found between repeated
specimens of any individual handwriting
 Terminologies related to handwriting
Identification and Examinations
 Pen emphasis – the act of intermittently forcing the pen against the paper
 Pen hold - the place where the writer grasps the barrel of the pen and the angle at
which he holds it
 Pen pressure – the average force with which the pen contacts the paper.
 Ratio - the relation between the tall and the short letter
 Rhythm – element of writing movement which is marked by regular or periodic
recurrences
 Slope or slant – the angle inclination of the axis of the letters relative to the
baseline
Terminologies related to handwriting
Identification and Examinations
 System of writing – the combination of the basic design of letters and the writing
may be a significant identifying element
 Variation – the act or process of changing
 Writing habit – any repeated element in one’s handwriting
 RETRACING- is the process of writing, whereby one stroke goes over by another
stroke making an appearance of a single stroke.
 SHADING- Pronounce widening of the upstroke which can be observed mostly
in the fountain pen writings not on ball pen writings.
 SPEED- the manner of execution of the writing process
 TREMOR-writings with shading appearance perfectly apparent even without
magnification.
-deviation from uniform strokes or lack of smoothness perfectly
apparent even without magnification.
Causes of Tremors

1.Lack of skill on the part of the writer.

2.Self-consciousness of the writing process.
3.Hesitation resulting from copying or imitation.
4.Uncontrollable nervousness of the writer.
5.An illiterate writing due to clumsiness partly due
to lack of clear mental impression of the form being
made.
Kinds of Tremors

Genuine Tremor such as:

a. Tremor of age
b. Tremor of illiteracy
c. Tremor of Weakness

Tremor of Fraud- tremor of age, illiteracy and weakness are not

always distinguished from each other but can usually be distinguished
from the act of fraud.
Movement in Handwriting

 Finger movement – the thumb, the first, second and slightly the
third fingers are in actual motion
 Hand movement – action of the whole hand with the wrist as the
center of attraction
 Forearm movement – the movement of the shoulder, hand and arm
with the support of the table
 Whole forearm movement – action of the entire arm without resting
The Written Strokes

Stroke refers to the series of lines or curves written in a single letter. The most apparent point
in the comparative analysis of handwriting
Terminologies concerning stroke characteristics
a. Arc – a curved formed inside the top curve of loop as in small letters “h”, “m”, “n”, “p”
b. Arch – any arcaded form in the body of a letter found in a small letters which contain
arches
c. Ascender – is the top portion of the letter
d. Baseline – imaginary alignment of writing
e. Bead – preliminary embellished initial stroke which occurs in capital letters
The Written Strokes
Terminologies concerning stroke characteristics
e. Beard – is the rudimentary initial up stroke of a letter
f. Blunt – the beginning and ending stroke of a letter
g. Body – the main portion of the letter
h. Buckleknot – horizontal end loop stroke that are often used to
complete a letter
i. Descender – the lower portion of the letter
j. Diacritic – the matters of the Indian script ; an element added to
complete a certain letter, either a cross bar or a dot
k. Terminal stroke – ending stroke
The Written Strokes
Terminologies concerning stroke characteristics
l. Eyeloop – a small loop or curved form inside the letters
m. Foot – lower part which rest on the baseline
n. Habits – any repeated element or details which may serve as
individualize writing
o. Hesitation – irregular thickening of ink which is found when
writing slows down or stop while the pen take a stock position
p. hiatus/ pen jump – a gap occurring between continuous strokes
without lifting the pen
q. Hook – it is a minute curve which often occurs at the end of the
terminal strokes
The Written Strokes
Terminologies concerning stroke characteristics
r. Hump – upper portion of its letter, the rounded outside of the top of
the bend stroke or curve in a small letter
s. Knob – the extra deposit of ink in the initial and terminal stroke due
to slow withdrawal of the pen from the paper
t. Ligature – the strokes which connect two stroke of the letter
u. Loop - long curve found on the small letter
v. Majuscule – capital letter
x. Minuscule – small letter
The Written Strokes
Terminologies concerning stroke characteristics
y. Patching – retouching or going back over a defective portion of
written stroke
z. Pen lift – an interruption in a stroke caused by removing the writing
instrument from the paper
aa. Retrace/retracing – any part of a stroke which is super imposed
upon the original stroke
bb. Shading – the widening of the ink strokes due to added pressure
on a flexible pen point
cc. Spur - a short initial or terminal stroke
dd. Staff – a major long downward stroke of a letter
Class and Individual Characteristics

All the factors which identify handwriting fall into two general and somewhat
overlapping groups - class and individual characteristics.

1.Class characteristics are those common to a number of writers and may result
from such influences as the writing system studied, family associations, trade
training, or foreign education as well as carelessness and haste in execution.
Characteristics which are common to a group.

2.Individual characteristics are those which are highly personal or peculiar and
unlikely to occur in combination in other instances. Characteristics which are
highly peculiar, or personal and unlikely to appear in other persons writing.

Accidentals- are isolated, brief or temporary digressions from normal writing

process
In handwriting analysis, the usual characteristics of considerations are:
1. Line quality
2. Spacing of words and letters
3. Ratio and proportion
4. Pen lifts
5. Connecting strokes
6. Beginning and ending strokes
7. Unusual letter formation
8. Shading
9. Slant
10.Baseline habits
11. Flourishes and embellishments
12.Diacritic placement
Standards- (General) are those things whose original are known and can
be proven and can be legally used to compare with other matters in
question.

Standards-(Handwriting Identification) they are the authenticated

writings, or signatures of a person.

Classes of Standards

Procured or Collected –these type of standards often serve as the best or most
appropriate standards in the determination of the genuine as of a questioned signature or
writing.

Requested- are standards, which could be given upon request of an investigator for the
purpose of making a comparative examination with the questioned writing in connection
with a case being investigated.
Rules of Universally accepted Principles of
Handwriting

Like things must be compared.

Determine whether the standards are sufficient are adequate.

Determiner whether the dates of standards are proximate with in the

dates of the questioned signature/ handwriting.

Consider the conditions under which the questioned signature/ writing

was executed.

Determine the writing instruments and paper used.

 Guide in gathering REQUESTED Standards

“QUESTIONED DOCUMENT” must not be shown to the subject.

A carefully selected text must be repeated.

Adequate amount of writing must be included.

Provide some writing materials as that used in the questioned.

Dictations must be at varying speed.

Dictations should be interrupted at intervals.

Normal writing conditions should be arranged.

 Guide in gathering PROCURED Standards

1. The NUMBER of standards to be used.

2. STYLE or FORM (Similarity of Subject Matter)

3. Relative dates of the QUESTIONED and the

STANDARDS.

4. Material used.

5. Conditions under which the questioned and the standards

are prepared.
Examination of Signatures
Signature – the name of a person written by him/ her in a document as a sign of
acknowledgement
Latin term “signare” ,means sign
The writer of a signature is a signatory.
Two Kinds of Signatures

1. Conventional- which is formal or complete. Usually executed in signing

significant and important documents and papers.
2. Highly Personalized- which could be categorized into:
a. Cursory or formal - executed in the conduct of one’s own daily affairs.
b. Careless scribble - executed in for signing receipt’s and similar
insignificant documents.
Other significant terms

 Evidential signature – a signature signed at a particular time and

place under particular conditions
 Fraudulent signature – a forged signature which involves the writing
of a name as a signature by someone other than the person himself
without permission
 Freehand signature – fraudulent signature that was executed purely
by simulation rather than by tracing the outline of a genuine
signature
 Guided signature – a signature that is executed while the writer’s
hand or arm is steadied in any way
 Imitated signature – freehand forgery
 Forgery
a legal term which involves not only a non-genuine document but also and
intent to defraud

Kinds of Forgery
1. Simple forgery best learned as a “Spurious Signature”- This method of simulation
involves the forger's ability to recollect the signature he proposes to imitate and to produce
it on the document to be forged without a direct reference to a model.

2. Traced Forgery- Traced forgeries are fraudulent signatures which have been executed by
actually following the outline of a genuine signature with a writing instrument. Such a
signature may be produced with the aid of carbon paper by first tracing a carbon outline
and then covering this with a suitable ink stroke. Or the forgery may be traced from an
outline made visible by transmitted light
Different Process of Tracing
1.Carbon Process or Carbon outline Method
2.Indention Process
3.Projection Process or Transmitted Light Process

3.Simulated or Copied forgery- method involves

the use of an actual model signature in proximity
to the document to be forged.
Indication of Genuineness
 Carelessness
 Spontaneity
 Alternation of thick and thin strokes
 Speed
 Simplification
 Upright letters are interspersed with slanting letter
 Upward strokes to a threadlike tracing
 Rhythm
 Good line quality
 Variation
Typewriter- a machine so designed to give an even, uniform impression resting on the
baseline and centered on the designed space.
-a machine operated by a keyboard which causes metal characters to strike paper
through an inked ribbon and so have an impression on the paper.

Typewriting- it is an act or process of using a typewriter

Basis of Typewriting Identification

a. Conventional type writers using type bars

1. pica – 10 letter /inch
2. elite - 12 letters/ inch

b. Ball typewriter - a machine, capable of typing 10/12 characters per inch. Change of
horizontal spacing is done easily by the flip of a switch

c. Electronic typewriter (typewriter using a print wheel) – this has a disc type device called
a print wheel . 10,12,15 letters/ inch
Mal-alignment – Occurs as typewriter individualities when a character
defectively strikes to the right or left of its normal allotted striking position.
Alignment Defect- Characters that write improperly in the following
respects: twisted letter or tilted character. Horizontal mal-alignment,
vertical mal-alignment, and character printing “off-its-feet”.
Type Face defect- any peculiarity of typewriting caused by actual damage
to the type face metal.
Common Form of Typeface Defects
1. Clogged Type Faces
2. Twisted Letter
3. “Off-its-feet” (one side of the character is lighter)
4. Ribbon Impression
5. Rebound of Type Bars
Writing Materials
any material used primarily for writing or recording

Definition of terms
 Anachronism – refers to something wrong in time and place
 Paper - these are sheets of interlaced fibers
 Watermark – certain papers are mark with translucent design
Historical development of PAPER
The oldest written records still surviving are the Sumerian clay
tablet dating back 4th millennium B.C

A.Papyrus - The word paper comes from the ancient

Egyptian writing material called papyrus, which was
woven from papyrus plants.
B.Parchment – writing material made from skin of animals.
C.Vellum – writing materials from fine skins from young
calves or kids. It became the most important writing
material for bookmaking
Historical development of PAPER
The oldest written records still surviving are the Sumerian clay
tablet dating back 4th millennium B.C

The father of true paper - T'sai Lun

• Paper as we know it today comes from another source -
China. In 105 AD, Han Emperor Ho-Ti's chief eunuch
T'sai Lun experimented with a wide variety of materials
and refined the process of macerating the fibre of plants
until each filament was completely separate.
Historical development of PAPER
The oldest written records still surviving are the Sumerian clay
tablet dating back 4th millennium B.C

• In 2nd century BC, vellum was created as a writing surface

made from the skin of goats and lambs
Spread of Papermaking
• It wasn't until the 3rd century that the secret art of
papermaking began to creep out of China, first to Vietnam
and then Tibet. It was introduced in Korea in the 4th
century and spread to Japan in 6th- 7th .
Historical development of PAPER
The oldest written records still surviving are the Sumerian clay
tablet dating back 4th millennium B.C

The Journey to the West

• Papermaking spread slowly throughout Asia to Nepal and
later to India. It made its true push westward in 751AD
when the Tang Dynasty was at war with the Islamic world.
• Finally, when the Moors from North Africa invaded
Spain and Portugal they brought the technology with
them and so it was that papermaking entered Europe in
the 12th century.
Historical development of PAPER
The oldest written records still surviving are the Sumerian clay
tablet dating back 4th millennium B.C

The Journey to the West

• Papermaking spread slowly throughout Asia to Nepal and
later to India. It made its true push westward in 751AD when
the Tang Dynasty was at war with the Islamic world.
• Finally, when the Moors from North Africa invaded Spain
and Portugal they brought the technology with them and so it
was that papermaking entered Europe in the 12th century.
The first European paper mill at JATIVA, province of Valencia
Historical development of PAPER
The oldest written records still surviving are the Sumerian clay
tablet dating back 4th millennium B.C

The Journey to the West

• The first practical machine was made by the French
inventor Nicholas Louis Robert (1798).
• In 1960, William Rittenhouse of Roxborough,
Philadelphia founded the first paper plant in America
Types of Paper
1. Newsprint – the least expensive paper manufactured
2. Offset – uncoated paper that usually contains fillers and additives; more expensive than
newsprint (books, catalog sheets, loose-leaf inserts and tablet paper)
3. Bond paper – popular in the modern business office (print stocks, bonds)
4. Lightweight, uncoated paper – example is the onion skin which are frequently made with
manifold papers made from wood fibers (bible)
Types of Paper
5. Specialty paper – includes carbonless paper, which is coated on both sides to transfer data
from one page to another
6. Gummed papers – used primarily for labels
7. Text paper – the most expensive, uncoated paper because of its superior grade (invitation,
greeting cards)
8. Coated paper – used primarily in textbook publication
Types of Paper
9. Bristol – used to make index cards and tag paper, which is used for file folders
10. Kraft paper – coarse, unbleached, heavy paper which is used for paper bags
11. Tyvek – kind of paper which strengthened with plastic filaments (large mailing
envelopes)
12. Safety paper – designed to reveal alterations (bank checks)
 WRITING INSTRUMENTS
It is a device use in writing an idea, letters, words and phrases in the paper for a
common purpose of communication

two ways in applying the writing instruments:

-Adhesion
-Absorption

The cave man's first inventions were the hunting club (not the auto security device) and the
handy sharpened-stone, the all-purpose skinning and killing tool.
5 Kinds of Pens
1. Ballpoint pen – have a tiny ball that is made of brass, steel or tungsten carbide as its writing
tip. It was patented by John J. Loud
2. Fountain pen – have triangular writing point called nib. Invented by L.E. Waterman
 Kinds of fountain pen
- Reed pens are one of the first more sophisticated writing tools in history. They
appeared after the carving tools and styluses and practically replaced them. They were not
perfect and were later replaced with quills. 
- Quill Pen, were the most sophisticated writing instruments for a long time (some 15
centuries). Many large birds gave their contribution to the spreading of knowledge until
metal pens replaced feathers in writing.
- Steel nib pen early version of fountain pen, it has a major improvement on the previous
pens, since it has an ink reservoir and a capillary feed

3. Soft tip pen – have a soft writing tip which is also called porous-pointed pen also
called as felt tip pen
4. Roller pens – combination of a ballpoint pen, fountain pen and soft tip pen.
5. Specialty pen – used by the artists and mechanical drafters designed for specific
purpose. Also called as technical pen
PENCIL
Pencil is one of the most significant instrument use in writing and drawing in the paper
surface. This pencil can write underwater and in fact, it is use by the physician to
mark the skin before the surgery, it was also use by the astronaut since the writing
ability is not affected by the full of gravity, pressure and the condition of the
atmosphere. It is made of graphite set with a case of wood, plastic or metal.

Three Types of Pencil

1. Cased Pencil – uses lead, for writing.
2. Colored pencil - used by teachers or editors to correct submitted text, but
regarded as art supplies.
3. Mechanical Pencil. – also uses lead but does not require sharpening, since it has a
case.
TYPES OF PENCIL
CASED PENCIL
 TYPES OF PENCIL
Colored Pencil
TYPES OF PENCIL
MECHANICAL PENCIL
 Ink
It is a liquid that contains pigments or dyes that is used to color a surface to produce an
image, text or design.
It is the most commonly used writing material, typically used as ballpoint, liquid, printing
and typewriting inks.
Kinds of Ink
1. India ink (masi) - earliest kind of ink or oldest form of ink
- the most permanent of all ink colors
- simply made from soot or carbon mixed with water
then stir
2. Logwood ink (chrome ) - the main color ingredients are hematoxylin and
potassium chromate
- intense blue-black, best color for logwood ink
Kinds of Ink
3. Iron gallotannate ink - corrosive and can cause damage on the paper,
it will become brittle and the writing faded to brown
- developed by Johanna Sebastian Bach 12th century
4. Nigrosine ink - nearly black dye ink made from reacting aniline and
nitrobenzene, now used infrequently due to its water
solubility and weathering effects
- commercially produced in 1867
5. Dye inks - the main sources of color in most inks
- can be readily removed from an ink mark and the colors
separated by thin layer chromatography (is a process of
separating a solution of closely related compound, by allowing solution to
seep through an absorbent so that each compound become absorbed in
separated colored layer)
Kinds of Ink
6. Indelible ink - used as a form of electoral stain to prevent electoral
fraud.
7. Invisible ink - one form of steganography, (Act of writing in code or
cipher) use in espionage, anti counterfeiting, property marking
and hand stamping for identification of manufacturers’ product
 COUNTERFEITING
- The crime of making, circulating or uttering false coins and bank notes.
- Criminal offense of making an imitation of an article with intent to defraud others into accepting
if as the genuine item.

Counterfeit - is something made to imitate the real thing and used for gain.

Money – Any medium of exchange that is widely accepted in payment of goods and services and in settlement
of debts.

Legal Tender
notes and coins issued and circulating in accordance with R.A 265 as amended and/or R.A 7653, w/c
when offered for payment of public or public debt must be accepted.

Counterfeit note
an imitation of a legal and genuine note intended to deceive or to be taken for w/c is original, legal
and genuine
Evolution of Philippine Money
 Pre- Hispanic Era – Barter trading was common. Piloncitos, small bead-like gold
bits considered by the local numismatists as the earliest coin of the ancient
Filipinos
 Spanish Era – Philippine money was a multiplicity of currencies : Mexican pesos,
Alfonsino pesos and copper coins
Cobs/ macuquinas – earliest coins brought by the spaniards\
Silver dos mundos/ pillar dollar – one of the world’s most beautiful coins
Barilla – copper coin woth about 1 centavo –first coin struck in the country
Pesos Fuertes – issued by the country’s first bank, the El Banco Espanol
Filipino de Isabel II – first paper money circulated in the country
Evolution of Philippine Money
 Revolutionary period – 1 peso and 5 pesos notes were printed as Republika
Filipina Papel Moneda de Un Peso and Cinco pesos
 American Period – American dollar to peso is 2:1- US Congress approved the
Coinage Act for the Philippines in 1903
- renaming of El Banco Espanol Filipino to Bank of the Philippine Islands
in 1912.
 Japanese occupation – two kinds of notes circulated during this period (war notes,
guerilla notes)
 Philippine Republic – Central Bank of the Philippines was established in 1949
 Examination of the Paper Bill
Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas has the sole authority to issue currency within the
Philippine territory

STEPS IN RECOGNIZING GENUINE BSP NOTES

PAPER

Feel the paper – The genuine note is printed on a special kind of paper which is rough when you
run your fingers through it. It does not glow under the ultra-violet light. During paper
manufacture, the watermark, security fibers, security threads and iridescent band are included.

WATERMARK

Examine the watermark on the unprinted portion of the note

– The watermark is the silhouette of the portrait appearing on the face
of the note. Sharp details of the light and shadow effect can be seen when the note is viewed against the light. The
contours of the features
of the silhouette can be felt by running the fingers over the design on
relatively new notes.
 Examination of the Paper Bill
Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas has the sole authority to issue currency within the
Philippine territory

STEPS IN RECOGNIZING GENUINE BSP NOTES

SECURITY FIBERS
Inspect the security fibers – Embedded red and blue visible fibers are scattered at random on
both surfaces of a genuine note and can be readily picked off by means of any pointed
instrument.
EMBEDDED SECURITY THREAD
View the embedded security thread
– The embedded security thread is a special thread vertically implanted off center of the note
during paper manufacture. This can easily be seen when the note is viewed
against the light. It appears as a broken line for 5’s, 10’s and 20’s and straight line for 50’s,
100’s, 200’s , 500’s and 1000’s.
 Examination of the Paper Bill
Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas has the sole authority to issue currency within the
Philippine territory

STEPS IN RECOGNIZING GENUINE BSP NOTES

Windowed security thread
― note and the new 200 peso notes the windowed security thread is a narrow security thread
vertically located like “stitches” at the face of the note with a clear text of the numerical
value in repeated sequence and changes in color from magenta to green or green to magenta
depending on the angle of view.

Iridescent band

– look for the iridescent band on the improved portion of 100’s, 500’s
and 1000 peso notes and the new 200 peso notes. A wide glistening
gold vertical stripe with the numerical value printed in series.
 Examination of the Paper Bill
Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas has the sole authority to issue currency within the
Philippine territory

STEPS IN RECOGNIZING GENUINE BSP NOTES

Portrait

– appears life-like. The eyes “sparkle”. Shading is formed by the fine lines that give the portrait
a characteristics facial expression which is extremely difficult to replicate.

Serial number

― composed of 1 or 2 prefix letters and 6 or 7 digits. The letters and numerals are
uniform in size and thickness; evenly spaced and well-aligned they glow under
ultra-violet light. A banknote with six “O” digits serial is a specimen note and not a
legal tender.
 Examination of the Paper Bill
Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas has the sole authority to issue currency within the
Philippine territory

STEPS IN RECOGNIZING GENUINE BSP NOTES

Background /lacework design

― the background designs are made up of multicolored and well defined lines. The lace
work designs are composed of web-crossing lines which are continuous and traceable
even at the intersection.
Vignette

― the lines and dashes composing the vignette are fine,

distinct and sharp; the varying color gives a vivid look to
the picture that makes it “stand out” of the paper.
 Examination of the Paper Bill
Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas has the sole authority to issue currency within the
Philippine territory

STEPS IN RECOGNIZING GENUINE BSP NOTES

Value panel
― check the numerals found out the four corners of the front and back of the
note. The numerals denote the denomination of the note.

Color
P1000 - Blue (Jose Abad Santos, Josefa Llanes Escoda,
Vicente Lim)
500 - Yellow (Benigno and Cory Aquino)
200 - Green (dark in one side light on the other side)
100 - Mauve (Manuel Roxas)
50 - red (Sergio Osmena)
20 - orange (Manuel Quezon)
Pertinent Laws and Regulations to protect and maintain the integrity
of the Currency

1 .Art. 163, RPC- Making and importing and uttering (issuing or

circulating) false coins.
2. Art. 166, RPC- Forging treasury or bank notes or other documents
payable to the bearer; importing, and uttering such false coins or forged
notes and documents.
3. Art. 168, RPC- Illegal possession and use of false treasury or bank
notes and other instruments of credit.
4. Art. 176, RPC- Manufacturing and possession of instrument or
implements for falsification.
5. PD 247- Defacement, mutilation, tearing, burning or destruction of
Central Bank (BSP) notes and coins.
6. Chapter II, Circular 61, Series of 1995- Reproduction and/or use of
facsimile of legal tender Philippine currency coins.
Pertinent Laws and Regulations to protect and maintain the integrity of the Currency

Art. 164. Mutilation of coins; Importation and utterance

of mutilated coins.
Art. 169. How forgery is committed. — The forgery referred
to in this section may be committed by any of the following
means:
1. By giving to a treasury or bank note or any instrument,
payable to bearer or order mentioned therein, the appearance
of a true genuine document
2. By erasing, substituting, counterfeiting or altering by any
means the figures, letters, words or signs contained therein.
Pertinent Laws and Regulations to protect and maintain the integrity of the Currency

Art. 171. Falsification by public officer, employee or

notary or ecclesiastic minister. — The penalty of
prision mayor and a fine not to exceed P5,000 pesos
shall be imposed upon any public officer, employee, or
notary who, taking advantage of his official position,
shall falsify a document by committing any of the
following acts:
Pertinent Laws and Regulations to protect and maintain the integrity of the Currency

Art. 171.
1. Counterfeiting or imitating any handwriting, signature or rubric;
2. Causing it to appear that persons have participated in any act or proceeding when they
did not in fact so participate;
3. Attributing to persons who have participated in an act or proceeding statements other
than those in fact made by them;
4. Making untruthful statements in a narration of facts;
5. Altering true dates;
TESTING YOUR STOCK KNOWLEDGE
1. Any repeated elements or details which may serve to individualize writing.
a. Elements b. Accidentals c. Habits d. Characteristics

2. Deviation of uniform strokes perfectly apparent even without magnification.

a. Tremor of Age b. Tremor c. Tremor of Weakness d. Vertical Tremor

3. Balanced quality of movement.

a. Alignment b. Pen Pressure c. Rhythm d. Line Quality

4. Relative degree of ability of a writer’s proficiency.

a. Pen Pressure b. Skill c. Legibility d. Symmetry

5. Writing material made from the animal intestines or hides.

a. Papyrus b. Paper c. Ink d. Parchment
6. The average force that the pen comes in contact with the writing surface.
a. Pen Pressure b. Skill c. Legibility d. Pen Emphasis

7. The focus of attention in third stage of the development of handwriting.

a. Execution of letters b. Form c. Subject d. Writing Process

8. The disease wherein one losses the ability to write.

a. Agraphia b. Motoragraphia c. Stress d. Parkinson’s

9. Unnecessary strokes used for decoration or security purposes.

a. Variation b.Accidentals c. Embellishment d. Skill

10. It is used to describe any maladjusted or abnormality in a typewriter which is reflected in it's work and
which leads to it's identification and individualization.
a. Defect b. Permanent Defect c. Transitory Defect d. Mal-alignment
11. An interruption of the strokes caused by removing the pen from the writing surface.
a. Pen Lift b. Spacing c. Hiatus d. variation

12. Actual or imaginary lines where the letter rests.

a. Line b. Slant c. Short d. Baseline

13. Refers to the shape and design of individual letters.

a. Slant b. Form c. Style d. Variation

14. Axis of the letters in relation to the baseline.

a. Slant b. Form c. Style d. Variation

15.Not a cause of tremor.

a. Stress b. Death c. Nervousness d. Intoxication
16. The second stage in the development of writing.
a. Execution of letters b. Form c. Subject d. Writing Process

17. Number of letters in the first latin alphabet.

a. 26 b. 22 c. 21 d. 25

18. Removal of original entries by smearing over the letter/words with an opaque substance.
a. Erasure b. Superimposition c. Obliteration d. Addition

19. A device not used in the examination of questioned documents.

a. Shadowgraph b. Caliper c. Magnifying lens d. U.V Lamp

20. Forged signature which closely resembles the genuine signature since it was produce by
tracing process.
a. Simple Forgery c. Simulated Forgery
b. Traced Forgery d. Copied Forgery
21. Any document which some issue has been raised or is placed under scrutiny.
a. Questioned Document c. Disputed Document
b. Holographic Document d. Forged Document

22. A class of questioned document examination which detects forgeries, alterations, and obliterations.
a. Handwriting Examination c. ACE
b. Criminalistics Examination d. Document Examination

2 3. A process in scientific method of examination where properties of the unknown items are determined
thru analysis are compared with the familiar or recorded properties of known items.
a. Recognition b. Analysis c. Comparison d. Evaluation

24.The origin of the word paper.

a. Papaver Summiferum b. Fapyrus c. Papyrus d. Weed

25. They introduced the use of paper in Europe.

a. Spaniards b. Chinese c. Moors d. Muslims
2 6. Place where the first paper mill in Europe was established.
a. Canada b. China c. Spain d. Portugal

27. Ink used by the spy organizations.

a. Partly Visible Ink c. Secret Ink
b. Visible Ink d. India Ink

28. They produced a cuneiform system when they conquered Mesopotamia.

a. Egyptians b. Moors c. Sumerians d. Mesopotamians

29.They are credited with the spread of the first alphabet.

a. Penicians b. Phoenicians c. Phonecians d. Ponicians

30. One of the branches of QD w/c aims to find out the author of the writing.
a. Handwriting Identification b. Analysis
c. Criminalistics Identification d. Evaluation
31.The combination of basic design of letters and writing movements taught in school.
a. Rhythm c. Copy Book Form
b. System of Writing d. Handwriting

32. Style of writing in which the letters are for most part joined together.
a. System b. Block c. Cursive d. Connecting Strokes

33. Strokes, which connect two strokes or letters.

a. Connection b. Spacing c. Habit d. Variations

34.Identifying details which are common to a group.

a. Characteristics c. Class Characteristics
b. Individual Characteristics d. Accidental Characteristics

35. Muscle that control the downward movement in writing.

a. Flexor b.Extensor c. Lumbrical d. Radial
THANK YOU & GOD BLESS