Advance Productivity Tools

WWW & Web Browsing

World Wide Web (WWW)
• World Wide Web (WWW) is the leading information retrieval service of the
Internet(the worldwide computer network). The Web gives users access to a
vast array of documents that are connected to each other by means of
hypertext or hypermedia links—i.e., hyperlinks, electronic connections that
link related pieces of information in order to allow a user easy access to
them. Hypertext allows the user to select a word from text and and thereby
access other documents that contain additional information pertaining to that
word; hypermedia documents feature links to images, sounds, animations,
and movies. The Web operates within the Internet’s basic client-server
format;servers are computer programs that store and transmit documents to
other computers on the network when asked to, while clients are programs
that request documents from a server as the user asks for them. Browser
software allows users to view the retrieved documents.
World Wide Web (WWW)
• The development of the World Wide Web was begun in 1989 by Tim
Berners-Lee and his colleagues at CERN, an international scientific
organization based in Geneva, Switz. They created a protocol,
HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP), which standardized
communication between servers and clients. The web is the most
popular Internet service next to e-mail, but it accesses a larger quantity
and greater variety of data than any other service on the Internet.
• The World Wide Web or the web in short is an Internet based global
information system. It makes available multimedia information from
over 4 million computers around the world. The web offers video,
interactive multimedia and live audio, in addition to more basic data
types, such as text documents and still photographs.
Important Elements of the Web
Websites Vs Web Pages A webpage is what you see through your
browser by scrolling the window up and down. A website is composed
of a group of webpages linked together. A complete website is usually
fairly self-contained, with pages created and maintained by the same
authors and often stored on a single computer. The pages may link to
other pages that are not part of that site.
Dynamic and Static Website
A static website contains information that does not change. It
remains the same, or static, for every viewer of the site. A
dynamic website contains information that changes, depending on
the viewer of the site, the time of the day, the time zone, the
native language of the country the viewer is in or many other
factors. A dynamic web site can contain clientside scripting or
server-side scripting to generate the changing content, or a
combination of both scripting types. These sites also include
HTML programming for the basic structure. The client-side or
server-side scripting takes care of the guts of the site.
Hyper Text
Hypertext is the organization of information units into connected
associations that a user can choose to make. An instance of such an
association is called a link or hypertext link. (And the highlighted word
"link" in the previous sentence is an example of a hypertext link.)
Hypertext was the main concept that led to the invention of the World
Wide Web, which is, after all, nothing more (or less) than an enormous
amount of information content connected by an enormous number of
hypertext links.
Hyperlinks
A hyperlink is a word, phrase, or image that you can click on to jump to a
new document or a new section within the current document. Hyperlinks are
found in nearly all Web pages, allowing users to click their way from page
to page. Text hyperlinks are often blue and underlined, but don't have to be.
When you move the cursor over a hyperlink, whether it is text or an image,
the arrow should change to a small hand pointing at the link. When you
click it, a new page or place in the current page will open. Hyperlinks, often
referred to as just "links," are common in Web pages, but can be found in
other hypertext documents. These include certain encyclopedias, glossaries,
dictionaries, and other references that use hyperlinks. The links act the same
way as they do on the Web, allowing the user to jump from page to page.
Basically, hyperlinks allow people to browse information at hyperspeed
Web Browser
• Browser, short for web browser, is a software application used to
enable computers users to locate and access web pages. Browsers
translates the basic HTML (Hypertext Mark Up Language) code that
allows us to see images, text videos and listen to audios on websites,
along with hyperlinks that let us travel to different web pages. The
browser gets in contact with the web server and requests for
information. The web server receives the information and displays it
on the computer.
Web Browser
• There are several types of browsers but the one thing they have
in common is that they carry out the same function; they
transfer hypertext. Here are some familiar common web
browsers:
• Mozilla FireFox
• Google Chrome
• Microsoft Internet Explorer
• Brave
• Opera
Search Engine
• A search engine is a web-based tool that enables users to locate
information on the World Wide Web. Popular examples of search
engines are Google, Yahoo!, and MSN Search. Search engines utilize
automated software applications (referred to as robots, bots, or
spiders) that travel along the Web, following links from page to page,
site to site. The information gathered by the spiders is used to create a
searchable index of the Web.
Popular Search Engines
Google
Google is the undisputed king of web search. While it doesn't offer all
the shopping center features of Yahoo!, Google is fast, relevant, and the
largest single catalogue of Web pages available today. Google offers
outstanding features like photos, maps and many more.
Yahoo
• it is a search engine, a news aggregator, a shopping center, an
emailbox, a travel directory, a horoscope and games center, and more.
This 'web portal' breadth of choice makes this a very helpful site for
Internet beginners. Searching the Web should also be about discovery
and exploration, and Yahoo! delivers that in wholesale quantities.
Alta Vista
• Alta Vista was created by the research facility of Digital Electronics
Corporation(DEC) of USA. This search engine has a spider called
scooter that traverses the web and Usenet newsgroups. Indexing is
based on the full text of a document and the first few lines are used as
an abstract. AltaVista search supports full Boolean, phrase and case
sensitive searches. The engine has two modes of search types namely,
simple and advanced search.
Hot Bot
• HotBot is a web search engine currently owned by Lycos. This search
engine is most suitable for searching specific words or phrases. The
HotBot search contains a text box for the users to enter their query
string, and a list box to choose the appropriate rule, like all words, any
words, or exact phrases. HotBot is primarily used for fine-tunning
your search.
Webcrawler
• WebCrawler is a metasearch engine that blends the top search
results from Google Search and Yahoo! Search. WebCrawler also
provides users the option to search for images, audio, video, news,
yellow pages and white pages. WebCrawler is a registered
trademark of InfoSpace, Inc. WebCrawler was originally a separate
search engine with its own database, and displayed advertising
results in separate areas of the page. More recently it has been
repositioned as a metasearch engine, providing a composite of
separately identified sponsored and non-sponsored search results
from most of the popular search engines.
Infoseek
• It is a popular search engine with a robot that retrieves HTML and
PDF documents. It indexes full text and generates a short summary of
each document. InfoSeek allows searches in the web, Usenet groups,
and web Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ). This offers indexed site
searches and divides the web into a number of convenient baskets.
Unlike Yahoo! InfoSeek aims to have catalogued more websites than
virtually any other search engine on the Internet.
Lycos
• It contains 66 million pages in its database. This search engine has a
robot that uses heuristics to navigate the web and build a searchable
index. For each document indexed, the robot keeps the outgoing links
in a queue and selects a URL from it. One heuristics for example may
force the robot to select a URL that points to a web server’s homepage.
Users can submit URLs for indexing.
Understanding URL
• Every Web page has a unique address called a URL (Uniform
Resource Locator) which identifies where it is located on the Web. For
example, the URL for CSM Library's home page
is:http://www.smccd.eduaccountscsmlibrary/index.htm The basic
parts of a URL often provide "clues" to where a web page originates
and who might be responsible for the information at that page or
site.URLs have three basic parts: the protocol, the server name and
the resource ID. Look again at CSM Library's URL below to see these
three parts. The protocol is shown at the beginning of the URL before
the double slash (//); the server name is between the double slash (//)
and the first single slash (/); and the resource id is everything after the
first single slash (/).
Understanding URL
• http://www.smccd.eduaccountscsmlibrary/index.htm protocol | server name
|
• resource id Let's examine each part of this URL: First part: protocol
(http://)The protocol identifies the method (set of rules) by which the resource
is transmitted. All Web pages use HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP). Thus,
all web URL's (including CSM Library's) begin with http://.
• Second part: server name (www.smccd.edu/) The servername identifies the
computer on which the resource is found. (Computers that store and "serve up"
Web pages are called remote servers.) This part of the URL commonly
identifies which company, agency or organization may be either directly
responsible for the information, or is simply providing the computer space
where the information is stored. Web server names often begin with the letters
www, but not always.
The server name always ends with a dot and a three-letter or two-letter extension
called the domain name. The domain is important because it usually identifies
the type of organization that created or sponsored the resource. Sometimes it
indicates the country where the server is located. The most common domain
names are: * .com which identifies company or commercial sites
* .org for non-profit organization sites
* .edu for educational sites (most commonly four-year universities)
* .gov for government sites
* .net for Internet service providers or other types of networks If the domain
name is two letters, it identifies a country, e.g. .us for the United States, .uk for
the United Kingdom, .au for Australia, .mx for Mexico or .ca for Canada.
Understanding URL
• The server name for our library's Web site is: www.smccd.edu. The server name may also
be the name of a Web site. (A Web site is a complete group of Web pages that are
organized as a comprehensive set.) Web sites can be either all of the pages on one server
(computer) or all of the pages under a specific subdirectory on a server. For CSM Library,
the server name (www.smccd.edu) identifies the San Mateo County Community College
District. The CSM Library Web site consists of all of the pages under the subdirectory:
accountscsmlibrary.
• Third part: resource ID (accountscsmlibrary/index.htm) The resource ID is the name of
the file for the page and any directories or subdirectories under which it is stored on the
specified computer. The resource ID for our library's homepage
is:accountscsmlibrary/index.htm. (A "homepage" is the opening dormain page for any
web site that provides links to all of the other pages on the site.) The part of the resource
ID after the last slash (/) is the file name for the specific page or other resource. The file
name ends with a three or four letter designation that specifies the file type (e.g., .htm
or .html for a standard Web page, .jpg or .gif for common graphic files.)
IP Address and Domain name
• What is an IP Address
• The IP address takes the form of a dotted-quad number, such as
128.175.13.92. No other computer/server on the same network
or on the Internet can have the same IP address at the same
time.When we use domain names to access a website or online
service, we are using ahuman readable shortcut which
corresponds with the server's IP address. DNS servers on the
Internet automatically translate domain names into IP addresses
each time we use a domain name.
What is a Domain Name?
New computer users often confuse domain names with universal resource
locators, or URLs, and Internet Protocol, or IP, addresses. This confusion is
understandable. It is worth learning the differences between them because these
terms are ubiquitous. It is also helpful to be able to use terms correctly when
communicating to technicians or other people within a professional organization.
This naming convention is analogous to a physical address system. People find
web pages in a manner similar to the way that they use maps to find physical
locations. If the Internet is like a phone book, and a web page is like a physical
building, the URL would be the precise street address of that building. The IP
address would be like the car that travels to its destination. There are also other
useful metaphors for understanding this relationship.
Domain Names and URLs
• The universal resource locator, or URL, is an entire set of
directions, and it contains extremely detailed information. The
domain name is one of the pieces inside of a URL. It is also the
most easily recognized part of the entire address. When
computer users type a web address directly into the field at the
top of their browser window, it initiates a process of locating the
page requested. To do so,the instructions contained inside the
URL, including the domain name, must correctly point to that
location. The IP address is a numerical code that makes this
possible.
Domain Names and IP Addresses
• An Internet Protocol, or IP, address is different than a domain name.
The IP address is an actual set of numerical instructions. It
communicates exact information about the address in a way that is
useful to the computer but makes no sense to humans. The domain
name functions as a link to the IP address. Links do not contain actual
information, but they do point to the place where the IP address
information resides. It is convenient to think of IP addresses as the
actual code and the domain name as a nickname for that code. A
typical IP address looks like a string of numbers. It could be
232.17.43.22, for example. However, humans cannot understand or use
that code. To summarize, the domain name is a part of the URL, which
points to the IP address.
How do Domains Work?
• Domain names work because they provide computer users with a short
name that is easy to remember. Users enter web addresses into the
URL field at the top of their browser's page from left to right. The
domain name itself is read from right to left according to the naming
hierarchy discussed below. This link provides directions to the
network, which ultimately results in a successful page load at the
client end of the transaction.The common fictitious domain name,
www.example.com, is comprised of three essential parts:
•.
How do Domains Work?
• com - This is the top-level domain.
• .example. - This is a sub-domain.
• .www. - This is a sub-domain prefix for the World Wide Web.
• The original use of this prefix was partly accidental, and
• pronunciation difficulties raised interest in creating viable
• alternatives.
• Many servers use a three-letter naming convention for top-level domains, and
they are separated from sub-domains by a dot. The significance of the top-level
domain is the most important for new users to grasp. It identifies the highest
part of the naming system used on the Internet. This naming system was
originally created to identify countries and organizations as well as categories.
How do Domains Work?
• The most common categories are easily recognized by new
computer users, and they include:
• .com
• .org
• .edu
• .net
• .mil
Surfing The Web

• Surfing the web, it is the most common line we hear from any person,
whether he is a student, professional or a home maker. Internet has
penetrated into our lives at a very fast pace. Today things like ordering
food, reading newspapers, getting reciepies all can be done on a click
of a mouse. Internet has a vast number of websites catering to various
interest zones and classes therefore there is something for everyone on
the web.
Using E-governance Website e-
Government
• Using E-governance Website e-Government is creating a comfortable,
transparent, and cheap interaction between government and its respective
citizens, government and business enterprises and relationship between
governments. There are four domains of e-government namely,
governance, information and communication technology(ICT), business
process reengineering( BPR)and e-citizen. The primary delivery models of
e-Government can be divided into: Government-to-Citizen or
Government-to-Consumer (G2C) Government-to-Business (G2B)
Government-to-Government (G2G) Government-to-Employees (G2E)
Within each of these interaction domains, four kinds of activities take
place: Uploading information over the Internet, e.g.: regulatory services,
general holidays, public hearing schedules, issue briefs, notifications, etc.
Using E-governance Website e-
Government
• Both-way communications between the government agencies and the
citizen, a business, or another government agency. In this model, users
can engage in dialogue with agencies and post problems, comments,
or requests to the agency. conducting transactions, e.g.: lodging tax
returns, bill payments etc