The OSI Model and the TCP/IP

Protocol Suite
Outline:
1. Protocol Layers
2. OSI Model
3. TCP/IP Model
4. Addressing
OBJECTIVES
To discuss the OSI model and its layer architecture and
to show the interface between the layers.
Tobriefly discuss the functions of each layer in the OSI
model.
To introduce the TCP/IP protocol suite and compare its
layers with the ones in the OSI model.
To show the functionality of each layer in the TCP/IP
protocol with some examples.
To discuss the addressing mechanism used in some
layers of the TCP/IP protocol suite for the delivery of a
message from the source to the destination.

TCP/IP Protocol Suite 2

Computer Network Components
Components of a computer network:
 Computer with NIC (PCs, laptops, handhelds)
 routers & switches (IP router, Ethernet switch)
 Links” Transmission media” (wired, wireless)
 protocols (IP,TCP,CSMA/CD,CSMA/CA)
 applications (network services)
i.e. Network Operating System (NOS)
 humans and service agents

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PROTOCOL LAYERS
 we discussed that a protocol is required when two entities
need to communicate.
 When communication is not simple, we may divide the
complex task of communication into several layers.
 The sending computer must:
◦ Recognize the data.
◦ Divide the data into manageable chunks.
◦ Add information to each chunk of data to determine the location of
the data and to identify the receiver.
◦ Add timing and error-checking information.
◦ Put the data on the network and send it on its way.
 In this case, we may need several protocols, one for each
layer.
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PROTOCOL LAYERS

Let us use a scenario in communication in

which the role of protocol layering may
be better understood.
We use two examples. In the first
example, communication is so simple that
it can occur in only one layer.
Example 1

 Assume Maria and Ann are neighbors with a lot of common ideas. However, Maria
speaks only Spanish, and Ann speaks only English.

 Since both have learned the sign language in their childhood, they enjoy meeting in
a cafe a couple of days per week and exchange their ideas using signs.

 Occasionally, they also use a bilingual dictionary. Communication is face to face and
Happens in one layer as shown in Figure.

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Example 2

Now assume that Ann has to move to

another town because of her job.
Before she moves, the two meet for the
last time in the same cafe.
Although both are sad, Maria surprises
Ann when she opens a packet that
contains two small machines.
• The first machine can scan and transform a
letter in English to a secret code or vice
versa.
• The other machine can scan and translate a
letter in Spanish to the same secret code or
vice versa.
Ann takes the first machine; Maria
keeps the second one.
The two friends can still communicate
using the secret code, as shown in
Figure.

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THE OSI MODEL

• Established in 1947, the International

Standards Organization (ISO) is a
multinational body dedicated to worldwide
agreement on international standards.
• Almost three-fourths of countries in the world
are represented in the ISO.
• An ISO standard that covers all aspects of
network communications is the Open Systems
Interconnection (OSI) model.
• It was first introduced in the late 1970s.
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Topics Discussed in the Section
Layered Architecture
Layer-to-layer Communication
Encapsulation
Layers in the OSI Model

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Note

ISO is the organization;

OSI is the model.

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OSI Model and Nora
Application 7th floor Nora gets secret message from Number One

Presentation 6th floor Message is translated, encrypted and miniaturized

Security checks message, adds checkpoints to

Session 5th floor
ensure the embassy receives whole message

Message is analysed, combined if necessary and

Transport 4th floor
broken into smaller pieces

Personnel check the message, determine the

Network 3rd floor
address, indicate fastest route to Embassy

Message placed in special packet contains message,

Data Link 2nd floor
sender and destination ID

Physical 1st floor Prepared for a trip to the KSA Embassy

OSI layers

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An exchange using the OSI model ( Encapsulation)

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Note

The physical layer is responsible for moving

individual bits from one
(node) to the next.

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Summary of OSI Layers

TCP/IP Protocol Suite 15

TCP/IP Model

 The TCP/IP protocol Applicatio • Troubleshooting, file

suite was developed n sharing, internet
prior to the OSI
model. • Flow control, error
Transport
control

 Therefore, the layers

• IP addressing and
in the TCP/IP protocol Internet routing of network
suite do not match traffic

exactly with those in

Network • Interface with the
the OSI model. Access physical network

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 IOS Model TCP/IP Model

Application

Presentation Application
Session

Transport
Transport
Network
Internet
Data Link
Network
Physical Access

Comparison between OSI and TCP/IP

A private internet

TCP/IP Protocol Suite 18

In this section we briefly describe the functions of each
layer in the OSI model.

LAYERS IN THE OSI

MODEL
Physical layer
 defines the procedures and functions that physical
devices and interfaces have to perform for transmission
occur.
 The physical layer is concerned with the following:
◦ Physical characteristics of interfaces and media:
◦ Representation of the bits
◦ Data rate, the number of bits sent each second.
◦ Line configuration, Point to point or multipoint
configuration.
◦ Physical topology
◦ Transmission Mode : Simplex, half duplex or full duplex

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 Communication at the physical layer

Legend Source Destination

A R1 R3 R4 B
Physical Physical
layer layer
Link 1 Link 3 Link 5 Link 6

011 ... 101

01
1.
..
10
1

011 ... 101 011 ... 101

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Note

The unit of communication at the physical

layer is a bit.

TCP/IP Protocol Suite 22

Data Link Layer
The data link layer transforms the physical
layer, a raw transmission facility, to a
reliable link and is responsible for node-to-
node delivery.
The Data Link layer is concerned with the
following:
◦ Framing.
◦ Physical addressing, each node has its unique address.
◦ Flow Control.
◦ Access Control.
◦ Error control, normally achieved through a trailer to the end of the frame.
 Communication at the data link layer

Legend Source Destination D Data H Header

A R1 R3 R4 B
Data link Data link

Physical Physical
Link 1 Link 3 Link 5 Link 6

D2 H2
Frame
D2 ame
Fr

H2

D2 H2 D2 H2
Frame Frame

TCP/IP Protocol Suite 24

Note

The unit of communication at the data link

layer is a frame.

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Network Layer
Is responsible for the source-to-
destination delivery of a packet possible
across multiple networks.
Functions:
• Logical addressing.
• Routing, It determines which path the data
should take based on network conditions,
priority of service, and other factors.
Note

The unit of communication at the network

layer is a datagram (Packet).

TCP/IP Protocol Suite 27

Transport Layer
 The transport layer is responsible for process-to-process delivery of the
entire message.

 Makes sure that the data arrives without errors, in the proper sequence and
in a reliable condition.

 Functions:
◦ Port addressing, The network layer gets each packet to the correct computer; the transport
layer gets the entire message to the correct process on that computer.
◦ Segmentation and reassembly: a message is divided into transmittable segments, each
having a sequence number
◦ Connection control: The transport layer can be either connectionless or connection-oriented.
◦ Flow control
◦ Error control

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 Communication at transport layer

A Legend Source Destination D Data H Header B

Transport Transport
R1 R3 R4
Network Network

Data link Data link

Physical Physical

D4 H4
Segment

D4 H4
Segment

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Note

The unit of communication at the transport

layer is a segment, user datagram, or a
packet, depending on the specific protocol
used in this layer.

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Session Layer
the session layer, allows two applications on different computers to open,
use, and close a connection called a session.
◦ (A session is a highly structured dialog between two workstations.)

Functions:
◦ Dialog control
 It also makes sure the session is orderly, establishing which node transmits first, how long it
can transmit, and what to do in case of an error.
 It performs name-recognition and other functions, such as security, that are needed to allow
two applications to communicate over the network.

◦ Synchronization
 The session layer synchronizes user tasks by placing checkpoints in the data stream.
 The checkpoints break the data into smaller groups for error detection. It allows information
of different streams, perhaps originating from different sources, to be properly combined or
synchronized.
 An example application is web conferencing , in which the streams of audio and video must be synchronous
to avoid so-called lip synch problems. It ensures that the person displayed on screen is the current speaker.
presentation layer
The presentation layer is responsible for
translation, compression, and encryption.
Deals with the actual formatting of the
data.
◦ For example, data might be converted from
EBCDIC to ASCII formatting so that the
receiving node can understand it.

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Application Layer
 This layer relates to the services that directly provide user interfaces
support user applications or services, such as software for file
transfers, database access, and e-mail.
 In other words, it serves as a window through which application
processes can access network services.
 The application layer enables the user to access the network.
 This would be the layer that a programmer uses to allow his
application to access a network service, such as linking into a
database.

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 Communication at application layer

A B
Application Legend Source Destination D Data H Header Application

Transport Transport
R1 R3 R4
Network Network

Data link Data link

Physical Physical

D5 D5
Message

D5 D5
Message
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Note

The unit of communication at the

application layer is a message.

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ADDRESSING

Four levels of addresses are used in an

internet employing the TCP/IP protocols:
◦ physical address
◦ logical address
◦ port address
◦ application-specific address.

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Each address is related to a one layer in the
TCP/IP architecture, as shown in Figure.
IOS Model TCP/IP Model

Application
Application Spec. Address
Presentation Application
Session

Transport
Port Address Transport
Network
Logic Address Internet
Data Link
Physical Address Network
Physical
Access
 Example 1: physical addresses

packet packet
discarded discarded
1 packet
87 10 Data accepted
87 10 Data

2 3
4

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Example 1
As we will see later, most local area networks represent the physical
address in two ways:
• IPv4
• use a 32-bit (4-byte) physical address written as decimal
digits; every byte (2 hexadecimal digits) is separated by a
dot, as shown below
128.7.0.0
A 4-byte (a byte represent 8 bits called octet ) physical address

• IPv6 ( new version)

• use a 48-bit (6-byte) physical address written as 12
hexadecimal digits; every byte (2 hexadecimal digits) is
separated by a colon, as shown below:
07:01:02:01:2C:4B
A 6-byte (12 hexadecimal digits) physical address
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Example 2: logical addresses

20 10 A P Data 20 10 A P Data 33 99 A P Data

Physical
addresses
changed

95 66 A P Data 95 66 A P Data
33 99 A P Data

Physical
addresses
changed

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Note

The physical addresses will change from

hop to hop, but the logical addresses
remain the same.

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Example 2

the purpose of ports is to uniquely

identify different applications or processes
running on a single computer and thereby
enable them to share a single physical
connection to a packet-switched network
like the Internet.

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 Example 3: port numbers

A Sender Receiver P

Data Data
a j Data a j Data

A P a j Data A P a j Data

H2 A P a j Data H2 A P a j Data

Internet

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Note

The physical addresses change from hop to

hop, but the logical and port addresses
usually remain the same.

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Example 3
a port address is a 16-bit address represented by one decimal number
as shown.

753
A 16-bit port address represented as one single number

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References
http://pluto.ksi.edu/~
cyh/cis370/ebook/ch05b.htm
CSC 1202 2012-2013 Lecture Notes.
Chapter 2 in TCP/IP Protocol Suite , 4 th
ed, Behrouz A. Forouzan