This document defines and discusses control systems. It states that a control system is an arrangement of components connected to regulate or direct itself or another system. Control systems can be open-loop or closed-loop. Open-loop systems do not use feedback, while closed-loop systems measure output and use feedback to reduce errors from the desired output. Feedback improves accuracy and stability. Modeling and representing control systems mathematically, using tools like Laplace transforms, allows their analysis and design.
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001 Feedback and CONTROL SYSTEMS - Notes
This document defines and discusses control systems. It states that a control system is an arrangement of components connected to regulate or direct itself or another system. Control systems can be open-loop or closed-loop. Open-loop systems do not use feedback, while closed-loop systems measure output and use feedback to reduce errors from the desired output. Feedback improves accuracy and stability. Modeling and representing control systems mathematically, using tools like Laplace transforms, allows their analysis and design.
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CONTROL SYSTEMS
517/15/S07
FEEDBACK AND CONTROL SYSTEMS
J M MATINA November 2021 CONTROL SYSTEM DEFINED • A system is an arrangement, set or collection of things connected or related in such a manner as to form an entirety or whole • A system is an arrangement of physical components connected or related in such a manner as to form and/or act as an entire unit • The word control is usually taken to mean regulate, direct, or command. • Thus, a control system is an arrangement of physical components connected or related in such a manner as to command, direct or regulate itself or another system • Control systems are used in many applications, for example systems for the control of position, velocity, acceleration, temperature, pressure, voltage and current, etc. Examples of control systems • Input is the stimulus or excitation applied to a control system from an external energy source, usually in order to produce a specified response from the control system. • Output is the actual response obtained from a control system. It may or may not be equal to the specified response implied by the input. • Control systems may have more than one input or output. Spurious inputs (eg lightning affecting radio signals) producing undesirable outputs are part of the output as defined above and must be considered when the system is analysed • Three basic types of control systems: I. Man-made control systems II. Natural, including biological control systems III. Control systems whose components are both man-made and natural CLASSIFICATION OF CONTROL SYSTEMS • Two general categories: open loop and closed loop system. • In order to classify a system as open or closed loop, the components of the system must be clearly distinguished from components that interact with, but are not part of the system. (an operator may or may not be part of the system!) • Open-loop control system is one in which the control action is independent of the output • In open-loop control: I. The output is neither measured nor fed back for comparison with the input II. Faithfulness of the system depends on the accuracy of the input calibration • Closed-loop control system is one in which the control action is somehow dependent on the output • More commonly referred to as Feedback control systems. Systems that do not involve human intervention for normal operation are Automatic Control Systems • A closed-loop control system using a power amplifying device prior to a controller and the output of such a device being mechanical, i.e. position, velocity, acceleration is called a servomechanism COMPARISON OF OPEN LOOP AND CLOSED LOOP CONTROL SYSTEMS ITEM OPEN-LOOP CONTROL SYSTEM CLOSED-LOOP CONTROL SYSTEM 1 Accuracy depends on calibration of the As the error between the reference input input. Any departure from predetermined and the output is continuously measured calibration affects the output (To calibrate is through feedback, the closed loop system to establish or re-establish the input/output works more accurately relation to obtain a desired system accuracy)
2 Simple to construct and cheap Complicated to construct and costly
3 Open-loop control systems are not generally Becomes unstable under certain troubled with problems of instability conditions
4 Operation is affected due to the presence of Adjusts to the effects of non-linearities
non-linearities in its elements present in its elements FEEDBACK • That property of closed-loop control systems that permits the output (or some other controlled variable of the system) to be compared with the input to the system (or an input to some other internally situated component or subsystem of the system) so that the appropriate control action may be formed as some function of the output and input • Is said to exist in a system when a closed sequence of cause-and-effect relations exists between system variables • In essence, every passive system (one containing no energy sources) may be viewed as a feedback system CHARACTERISTICS OF FEEDBACK 1. Increases accuracy, ability to faithfully reproduce the input 2. Reduces sensitivity of the ratio of output to input to variations in system characteristics 3. Reduces effects of non-linearities and distortion 4. Increases bandwidth. The bandwidth of a system is that range of frequencies (of the input) over which the system will respond satisfactorily 5. Tendency towards oscillation or instability. THE CONTROL SYSTEMS ENGINEERING PROBLEM • Two problems: the analysis and the design of a control system configuration • Analysis is the investigation of the properties of an existing system • Design problem is the choice and arrangement of control system components to perform a specific task 1. Design by analysis: is accomplished by modifying the characteristics of an existing or standard system configuration 2. Design by synthesis: defining the form of the system directly from its specifications REPRESENTATION OF THE PROBLEM: THE MODEL • In order to solve a systems problem, the specifications or description of the system configuration and its components must be put into a form amenable to analysis, design and evaluation • Three basic representations (models) are used in control systems: 1. Differential equations and other mathematical relations 2. Block diagrams 3. Signal flow graphs • Block diagrams and signal flow graphs are shorthand graphical representations of either the schematic diagram of a physical system or the set of mathematical equations characterising its parts • Mathematical models, in the form of system equations are employed when detailed relationships are required. The solution to these equations represents system behaviour. USE OF LAPLACE TRANSFORMATION IN CONTROL SYSTEMS • The control action of a dynamic system (electrical, mechanical, thermal, hydraulic, etc) can be represented by a differential equation • Output response of the system to a specified input can be obtained by solving the differential equations • The equation describing the control system is transformed into algebraic form by the use of the Laplace Transformation technique. • Laplace transform transforms a time-domain equation into a frequency-domain algebraic equation