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Floyd's Algorithm ADA

This document summarizes an ADA presentation on Floyd's Algorithm. The presentation was given by Prof. Ridhhi Shah and had 5 participants. It introduced Floyd's Algorithm for finding shortest paths in weighted graphs. The algorithm uses dynamic programming to evaluate all pairs of vertices through multiple iterations, checking if paths can be made shorter by going through intermediate vertices. It has a time complexity of O(n3) for n vertices.

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Nayan Patel
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99 views

Floyd's Algorithm ADA

This document summarizes an ADA presentation on Floyd's Algorithm. The presentation was given by Prof. Ridhhi Shah and had 5 participants. It introduced Floyd's Algorithm for finding shortest paths in weighted graphs. The algorithm uses dynamic programming to evaluate all pairs of vertices through multiple iterations, checking if paths can be made shorter by going through intermediate vertices. It has a time complexity of O(n3) for n vertices.

Uploaded by

Nayan Patel
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ADA PRESENTATION

•Information Technology
•IT-TB5
•Prof. Ridhhi Shah
•Participants
181130116071
181130116075
181130116076
181130116078
181130116108
Floyd’s Algorithm Floyd’s
Algorithm 2

All pairs shortest path


ADA PRESENTATION

•Information Technology
•IT-TB5
•Prof. Ridhhi Shah
•Participants
181130116071
181130116075
181130116076
181130116078
181130116108
INTRODUCTION

• In computer science, the Floyd–Warshall algorithm(also known


as Floyd's algorithm, the Roy–Warshall algorithm, the Roy–
Floyd algorithm, or the WFI algorithm) is an algorithm for
finding shortest paths in a weighted graph with positive or
negative edge weights (but with no negative cycles).
• Weighted Graph: A weighted graph is a graph in which each
branch is given a numerical weight.
•  The modern formulation of the algorithm as three nested for-loops
was first described by Peter Ingerman, also in 1962.
Path Reconstruction

• The Floyd–Warshall algorithm typically only provides the


lengths of the paths between all pairs of vertices.
• With simple modifications, it is possible to create a method to
reconstruct the actual path between any two endpoint vertices.
• While one may be inclined to store the actual path from each
vertex to each other vertex, this is not necessary, and in fact, is
very costly in terms of memory. Instead, the shortest-path tree
 can be calculated for each node in Θ(|E|) time using Θ(|
V|) memory to store each tree which allows us to efficiently
reconstruct a path from any two connected vertices.
All pairs shortest path Floyd’s
Algorithm 6

• The problem: find the shortest path between every


pair of vertices of a graph

• The graph: may contain negative edges but no


negative cycles

• A representation: a weight matrix where


W(i,j)=0 if i=j.
W(i,j)=¥ if there is no edge between i and j.
W(i,j)=“weight of edge”
• Note: we have shown principle of optimality applies
to shortest path problems
Time complexity

 
•Floyd’s Algorithm consists of three loops
over all the nodes.
•The inner most loop consists of only constant
complexity operations.
•Hence, the asymptotic complexity of Floyd’s
algorithm is O(n3).
•Here, n is the number of nodes in the given
graph.
 
When Floyd’s algorithm is used?

• Floyd’s Algorithm is best suited for dense


graphs.
• This is because its complexity depends
only on the number of vertices in the
given graph.
• For sparse graphs, Johnson’s Algorithm is
more suitable.
Advantages & Disadvantages

• Advantages
• 1. It helps to find the shortest path in a weighted graph with positive or
negative edge weights.
• 2. A single execution of the algorithm is sufficient to find the lengths of the
shortest paths between all pairs of vertices.
• 3. It is easy to modify the algorithm and use it to reconstruct the paths. 
• 4. Versions of the algorithm can be used for finding the widest paths
between all pairs of vertices in a weighted graph or transitive closure of a
relation R.
• Disadvantages
• 1. It can find the shortest path only when there are no negative cycles.
• 2. It does not return the details of the paths.
Example Floyd’s
Algorithm 10

Step-01:
1 5  
Remove all the self loops and parallel edges (keeping the
lowest weight edge) from the graph.
4 2 3 In the given graph, there are neither self edges nor parallel
edges.
 
Step-02:
-3
2  
Write the initial distance matrix.
It represents the distance between every pair of vertices in the
form of given weights.
1 2 3 For diagonal elements (representing self-loops), distance
value = 0.
1 0 4 5 For vertices having a direct edge between them, distance
value = weight of that edge.

W = D0 = 2 2 0  For vertices having no direct edge between them, distance


value = ∞.
3  -3 0
1 5
k=1
3
4 2 Vertex 1 can be Floyd’s
Algorithm 11
-3
2 intermediate node
1 2 3 D1[2,3] = min( D0[2,3], D0[2,1]+D0[1,3] )
1 0 4 5 = min (, 7)
D0 = 2 2 0  =7
3  -3 0

1 2 3 D1[3,2] = min( D0[3,2], D0[3,1]+D0[1,2] )


1 0 4 5 = min (-3,)
D1 = 2 2 0 7 = -3
3  -3 0
1 5
k=2
3
4 2 Vertices 1, 2 can be Floyd’s
Algorithm 12
-3
2 intermediate
1 2 3 D2[1,3] = min( D1[1,3], D1[1,2]+D1[2,3] )
1 0 4 5 = min (5, 4+7)
D1 = 2 2 0 7 =5

3  -3 0

1 2 3 D2[3,1] = min( D1[3,1], D1[3,2]+D1[2,1] )


1 0 4 5
= min (, -3+2)
D2 = 2 2 0 7 = -1
3 -1 -3 0
1 5

4 2 3 k=3
2 -3 Vertices 1, 2, 3 can be Floyd’s
Algorithm 13

intermediate
1 2 3
1 0 4 5 D3[1,2] = min(D2[1,2], D2[1,3]+D2[3,2] )
D2 = 2 2 0 7 = min (4, 5+(-3))
3 -1 -3 0 =2

1 2 3
1 0 2 5 D3[2,1] = min(D2[2,1], D2[2,3]+D2[3,1] )
= min (2, 7+ (-1))
D3 = 2 2 0 7
=2
3 -1 -3 0
Floyd's Algorithm Using n+1 D Floyd’s

matrices Algorithm 14

Floyd//Computes shortest distance between all pairs


of //nodes, and saves P to enable finding shortest
paths
1. D0  W // initialize D array to W [ ]
2. P  0 // initialize P array to [0]
3. for k  1 to n
4. do for i  1 to n
5. do for j  1 to n
6. if (Dk-1[ i, j ] > Dk-1 [ i, k ] + Dk-1 [ k, j ] )
7. then Dk[ i, j ]  Dk-1 [ i, k ] + Dk-1 [ k, j ]
8. P[ i, j ]  k;
9. else Dk[ i, j ]  Dk-1 [ i, j ]
MCQs

• 1. Floyd’s Algorithm is used for solving


____________
a) All pair shortest path problems
b) Single Source shortest path problems
c) Network flow problems
d) Sorting problems
• 2. Floyd’sAlgorithm can be applied on __________
a) Undirected and unweighted graphs
b) Undirected graphs
c) Directed graphs
d) Acyclic graphs
MCQs

• 3 )What approach is being followed in Floyd’s


Algorithm?
a) Greedy technique
b) Dynamic Programming
c) Linear Programming
d) Backtracking
• 4) What procedure is being followed in Floyd’s
Algorithm?
a) Top down
b) Bottom up
c) Big bang
d) Sandwich
MCQs

•5)Who proposed the modern formulation of


Floyd’s Algorithm as three nested loops?
a) Robert Floyd
b) Stephen Warshall
c) Bernard Roy
d) Peter Ingerman

THANK YOU for giving your attention 

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