Mobile and Wireless

Networks
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3
IEEE 802.11 Wireless LAN

Variants
 IEEE 802.11 Standards
• Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers
(IEEE) a professional society activity to establish
standards
– Hierarchical documents using clauses and sub-clauses
– Task Groups (TGb, TGa, …) are used to study topics
– Other Task Groups include: Ethernet, 802.3, 802.5,802.15
• Task Groups designated by letters; a, b, g, n …
– Defines wireless technology at Physical (PHY) and MAC
sub- layer of Data link layer
– Upper layer not addressed except of QoS
 802.11 Variants
• IEEE 802.11
– MAC: One common MAC for WLAN applications
– Physical layer: Infrared at 1 and 2 Mbps
– Physical layer: 2.4-GHz FHSS at 1 and 2 Mbps
– Physical layer: 2.4-GHz DSSS at 1 and 2 Mbps
• IEEE 802.11a:
– 54 Mbit/s, 5GHz standard (1999, products in 2001)
• IEEE 802.11b:
– Enhancements to 802.11 to support 5.5, 11 Mbit/s (1999)
• IEEE 802.11c:
– Bridge operation procedures; included in IEEE 802.1D
standard (2001)
 802.11 Variants
• IEEE 802.11d:
– International (country-to-country) roaming extensions (2001)
• IEEE 802.11e:
– Enhancements: QoS, including packet bursting (2005)
• IEEE 802.11F:
– Inter-Access Point Protocol (2003) Withdrawn February 2006
• IEEE 802.11g:
– 54 Mbit/s, 2.4 GHz standard (backwards compatible with b) (2003)
• IEEE 802.11h:
– Spectrum Managed 802.11a (5 GHz) for European compatibility
(2004)
• IEEE 802.11i:
– Enhanced security (2004)
 802.11 Variants
• IEEE 802.11j:
– Extensions for Japan (2004)
• IEEE 802.11-2007:
– A new release of the standard that includes amendments a, b, d, e, g,
h, i and j. (July 2007)
• IEEE 802.11k:
– Radio resource measurement enhancements (2008)
• IEEE 802.11n:
– Higher throughput improvements using MIMO (multiple input,
multiple output antennas) (September 2009)
• IEEE 802.11p:
– WAVE—Wireless Access for the Vehicular Environment (such as
ambulances and passenger cars) (July 2010)
 802.11 Variants
• IEEE 802.11r:
– Fast BSS transition (FT) (2008)
• IEEE 802.11s:
– Mesh Networking, Extended Service Set (ESS) (July 2011)
• IEEE 802.11T:
– Wireless Performance Prediction (WPP)—test methods and metrics
Recommendation cancelled
• IEEE 802.11u:
– Improvements related to HotSpots and 3rd party authorization of
clients, e.g. cellular network offload (February 2011)
• IEEE 802.11v:
– Wireless network management (February 2011)
 802.11 Variants
• IEEE 802.11w:
– Protected Management Frames (September 2009)
• IEEE 802.11y:
– 3650–3700 MHz Operation in the U.S. (2008)
• IEEE 802.11z:
– Extensions to Direct Link Setup (DLS) (September 2010)
• IEEE 802.11-2012:
– A new release of the standard that includes amendments k, n, p, r, s,
u, v, w, y and z (March 2012)
• IEEE 802.11aa:
– Robust streaming of Audio Video Transport Streams (June 2012)
 802.11 Variants
• IEEE 802.11ad:
– Very High Throughput 60 GHz (December 2012)
- see WiGig
• IEEE 802.11ae:
– Prioritization of Management Frames (March
2012)
 In Process
• IEEE 802.11ac:
– Very High Throughput <6 GHz;[27] potential
improvements over 802.11n:
• better modulation scheme (expected ~10% throughput increase),
• wider channels (estimate in future time 80 to 160 MHz),
• multi user MIMO;(~ February 2014)
• IEEE 802.11af:
– TV Whitespace (~ June 2014)
• IEEE 802.11ah:
– Sub 1 GHz sensor network, smart metering. (~ January
2016)
 In Process
• IEEE 802.11ai:
– Fast Initial Link Setup (~ February 2015)
• IEEE 802.11mc:
– Maintenance of the standard (~ March 2015)
• IEEE 802.11aj:
– China Millimeter Wave (~ October 2016)
• IEEE 802.11aq:
– Pre-association Discovery (~ May 2015)
• IEEE 802.11ak:
– General Link
 Exceptions
• To reduce confusion, no standard or task
group was named 802.11l, 802.11o, 802.11q,
802.11x, 802.11ab, or 802.11ag.

• 802.11F and 802.11T are recommended

practices rather than standards, and are
capitalized as such
 IEEE 802.11-1997 (Legacy)
• Original version of standard, released in June1997
and clarified in 1999
– ISM 2.4 GHz band
– Forward correcting codes code
– Infrared operating at 1 Mbps
– Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum(FHSS) at 1, 2 Mbps
– Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) at 1, 2 Mbps
• Legacy 802.11 with DSSS was rapidly supplanted
and popularized by 802.11b
• Standard revised in 1999, 2003, 2007
 IEEE 802.11a
• IEEE standard in 1999 (same year as 802.11b)
– Uses UNII 5 GHz band – less crowded that 2.4 GHz band
• Not compatible with 802.11b,802.11g and legacy 802.11
• Simultaneous operation with 802.11b, 802.11g
• Originally not adapted because of high frequency component
costs
– Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)
used instead of DSSS
– Supports 6, 9,12, 18, 24, 36, 54 Mbps
• Not all vendors support all rates
• Updated in Clause 17 802.11-2007
 IEEE 802.11b
• Defined as High-Rate DSS (HR-DSS) and Clause 18
devices
– Phase modulation and encoding spread spectrum
– Complementary Code Keying (CCK) and Barker Coding
• Uses 2.4 GHz ISM band
– Manufacture dependent backward compatibility
– Interference from other products operating in the 2.4 GHz
band; microwave ovens, Bluetooth devices, baby
monitors and cordless telephones
• Supports data rates of 1, 2, 5.5 and 11 Mbps
 IEEE 802.11d
• 2001 standard international use and (country-
to-country) roaming extensions
– Defines differences between countries country
codes, frames and beacons
• Configuration parameters for FHSS (legacy
use)
• Details in 802.11-2007 clause 9.8
 IEEE 802.11e
• Amendment for Quality of Service (QoS)
– Defines layer two MAC methods to meet QoS
• Wi-Fi Alliance, Wi-Fi Multimedia (WMM)
– Voice and Video are not latency and jitter tolerant
• Voice over IP (VoIP) and VoWiFi
• Hybrid Coordination Function (HCF) Control
Channel Access (HCCA): Enhanced DCF (EDCF)
– AP is given ability to set station priority
– DCF: random method to determine which frame goes first
– PCF: Polls clients for application priority
 IEEE 802.11e
• HC – Hybrid Controller, QBSS
• AIFS – Arbitration Inter-frame Space
802.11e Traffic Categories-TC
• TXOP – Transmission Opportunity
– Granted by EDCF-TXOP or HC- poll TXOP
 IEEE 802.11F
• An attempt to standardize wireless roaming
– New AP must inform original AP a station is associating
with the new AP and want buffered packets
– Original AP must forward buffered packets to new AP
– Recom practice to use Inter-Access Point Protocol (IAPP)
• 802.11F never ratified; withdrawn in February 2006
– Vendors did not adapt the recommendations
uniformly
• Roaming not work between vendor
– Light AP’s and WLAN controller minimize need
for inter-vendor roaming standard
 IEEE 802.11g
• 2003 standard (Clause 19) for 2.4 GHz band
– OFDM-based, referred as Extended Rate Physical (ERP)
– Backward compatibility with 802.11b (ERP-DSSS/CCK)
– Devices suffer interference from other 2.4 GHz products
• Supports 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, 54 Mbps
– Dual-band 802.11a/b, dual-band/tri-mode and b/g in a
single adapter card became rapidly available due to speed
• Equip supports 3 modes and protection mechanism
– B-only mode
– G-only mode
– B/G-mode
 IEEE 802.11h
• Standard to define mechanisms for
– Dynamic Frequency Selection (DFS)
– Transmit Power Control (TPC)
– Radar detection and WLAN control
• Increased frequency space in UNII-2 band
• Amendment now in 11.8 and 11.9 of 802.11-
2007
 IEEE 802.11i
• 802.11i improves wireless security
– WEP was cracked in 2003- no longer recommended
– Open Authentication, Pair wise keys, and Session keys
– 128 bit key
• Stronger encryption methods
– Counter Mode with Cipher Block Chaining Message
Authentication Code Protocol (CCMP) and Advanced
Encryption Standard (AES), RC-4 Stream cipher
– Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP)
– Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP)
– WiFi Protection Access 2 (WAP2), and CWSP
 IEEE 802.11j
• Amendment designed specially for Japanese market
– Allows wireless LAN operation in the 4.9 to 5 GHz band
to conform to the Japanese rules for radio operation for
indoor, outdoor and mobile applications
• Japan 802.11a radio cards to operate at 5.15 to 5.25 GHz and 4.9
to 5.091 GHz
– Option for Japan to operate OFDM with 10 MHz spacing,
increasing number of bandwidth rates
• Standard to gain Japanese regulatory approval for
MAC and 802.11a PHY improvements
 IEEE 802.11-2007
• In 2003, task group TGma was authorized to
"roll up" many of the amendments to the
1999 version of the 802.11 standard
– REVma or 802.11ma, created a single document
that merged 8 amendments (802.11a, b, d, e, g, h,
i, j) with the base standard
• Upon approval in March 2007,
802.11REVma was renamed to the then-
current base standard IEEE 802.11-2007
 IEEE 802.11k
• Defines and exposes radio and network info to
facilitate management and maintenance of WLAN
– Intended to improve traffic distribution within a network
• Provides info to discover best available AP
– Depending on number and location of stations, sometimes
there is excessive demand on one AP and underutilization
of others, resulting in degradation of overall network perf
– If AP having strongest signal is loaded to its full capacity,
a station is connected to one of the underutilized APs
• Even though the signal may be weaker, overall throughput is
greater because of more efficient use of network resources
 IEEE 802.11m
• Initiative to perform editorial maintenance,
corrections, improvements, clarifications, and
interpretations relevant to documentation for 802.11
specifications
– Sometimes called "802.11 housekeeping" or "802.11
cleanup," was begun in 1999 by IEEE Task Group M (part
of 802.11 WG), as 802.11 family is an evolving set of
standards for WLANs
• 802.11m also refers to the set of maintenance
releases itself
 IEEE 802.11n
• Defined as High Throughput (HT) (Clause 20)-2009
– Major goal to increase throughput over 802.11a/b/g
• Backward compatible to 802.11a/b/g
• High Data rates – 300 Mbps or above
– Improved OFDM; MIMO to compensate for multipath
• Requires multiple antennas and dual radios for full standard
– Stability, block Ack, frame aggregation, short cyclic prefix
• Supports multiple modes and protection mechanism
– N-only mode (Greenfield mode)
– A-only mode
– B/G-mode
 IEEE 802.11p
• Adds Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments
(WAVE) by defining enhancements to support
Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) applications
– Includes data exchange between vehicles and between the
vehicles and roadside infrastructure in 5.9 GHz ITS band
• IEEE1609 is higher layer standard based on 802.11p
• 802.11p is used for Dedicated Short Range
Communications (DSRC)
– A U.S. Department of Transportation project based on
ISO Communications, Air-interface, Long and Medium
range (CALM) architecture standard
 IEEE 802.11p
• Ultimate vision of a nationwide network that enables
communications between vehicles and roadside
access points or other vehicles
– Deals with vehicle-based communication networks,
particularly for applications such as toll collection,
vehicle safety services, and commerce transactions via
cars
• In Europe, 802.11p is used as a basis for the ITS G5
standard, supporting the geo-networking protocol
– Vehicle-vehicle and vehicle-infrastructure communication
– ITS G5 and Geonetworking is standardized by ETSI ITS
 IEEE 802.11r
• IEEE 802.11r-2008 or fast BSS transition (FT)
– Continuous connectivity to mobile nodes with fast, secure
and ‘seamless’ handoffs from one base station to another
• Nodes in motion need quick handoff from one AP to another
– Application envisioned is VoIP, or Internet telephony, via
mobile phones using WLANs, instead of cellular network
• 802.11r attempts to undo burden of handoff process,
and restore it back to original 4-message exchange
– Additional features, including security, authentication,
QoS or admission control requests, increased the number
of messages
 IEEE 802.11s
• Defines how devices interconnect in a WLAN
mesh network, for static and ad-hoc networks
– No defined roles in a mesh, no clients and servers
• MAC defines an architecture & protocol that
support broadcast/multicast/unicast delivery
– Using "radio-aware metrics over self-configuring
multi-hop topologies"
• Security protocols used in a mesh are peer-to-
peer protocols where either side can initiate
 IEEE 802.11s
• 802.11s node is Mesh Station (mesh STA)
– Mesh STAs form mesh links with one another,
over which mesh paths are established using a
routing protocol
• Hybrid Wireless Mesh Protocol (HWMP)
– Default routing protocol, but vendors can add
alternate protocols
• Mechanisms for deterministic network access
– framework for congestion control and power save
 IEEE 802.11u
• Feature improve interworking with external network
– enrollment, net selection, emergency call, emergency alert
notification, traffic segmentation, service advertisement
– Aim is to improve the experience of mobile traveler/user
• Instead of a long list of largely meaningless SSIDs
the user is presented with a small list of networks
– services they provide, conditions under which access them
• Approach to network mobile devices, UMA adoption
– Provides a mapping between IP’s differentiated services
code point (DSCP) to over-the-air Layer 2 priority on a
per-device basis, facilitating end-to-end QoS
 IEEE 802.11v
• Wireless Network Management standard for
the IEEE 802.11 family of standards
– Allows configuration of client devices while
connected to wireless networks
• Allows client devices to exchange info about
network topology, including info about RF
environment, making each client network
aware, facilitating overall improvement of
wireless network
 IEEE 802.11w
• Protected Management Frames standard for 802.11
– System management info in unprotected frames makes
WLANs vulnerable
– TGw works on improving Medium Access Control layer
– To protect against network disruption caused by malicious
systems that forge disassociation requests that appear to
be sent by valid equipment
• Objective is to increase the security by providing:
– data confidentiality of management frames, mechanisms
that enable data integrity, data origin authenticity, and
replay protection
 IEEE 802.11y
• Enables high power data equipment to operate on a
co-primary basis in 3.65 to 3.7 GHz band in USA
• IEEE 802.11y adds three new concepts:
– Contention based protocol (CBP)- enhancements to
carrier sensing and energy detection mechanisms
– Extended channel switch announcement (ECSA)- AP to
notify stations, its intention to change channels/bandwidth
• Allow to choose least noisy channel or with least interference
– Dependent station enablement (DSE)- operator to extend
permission to license exempt devices to use licensed radio
• Satisfies a regulatory requirement, DSE is extensible to other
purposes in regards to channel management and coordination
 IEEE 802.11z
• 2010 extensions to Direct-Link Setup (DLS)
• Enhancements to MAC and PHY, extending
direct-link setup to be independent of AP, and
adding power save capabilities
– Direct-link setup is independent of AP by
tunneling protocol messages inside data frames
 IEEE 802.11-2012
• Task group TGmb was authorized to "roll up"
many amendments to 2007 version of 802.11
– REVmb or 802.11mb, created a single document
that merged ten amendments (802.11k, r, y, n, w,
p, z, v, u, s) with the 2007 base standard
• In addition much cleanup was done, including
a reordering of many of the clauses
• New standard is referred to as IEEE 802.11-
2012
 IEEE 802.11aa
• 802.11aa-2012--Telecommunications and
information exchange between systems local
and metropolitan area networks
• Specific requirements Part 11
– Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC)
and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications
– MAC Enhancements for Robust Audio Video
Streaming
 IEEE 802.11ac
• Standard under development which will
provide high throughput in 5 GHz band
• Will enable multi-station WLAN throughput
of >1 Gbps and a maximum single link
throughput of at least 500 Mbps
– By using wider RF bandwidth (80 or 160 MHz),
more streams (up to 8), and high-density
modulation (up to 256 QAM)
 IEEE 802.11ad
• Referred to as "WiGig“
– seeing a major push from hardware manufacturers
– to bring a new tri-band Wi-Fi solution to market
• Using 60 GHz, the new standard can achieve
a theoretical max throughput of up to 7 Gbit/s
• Expected to reach the market in early 2014