PRESENTATION ON
EFFECT OF DISTRIBUTED GENERATION
ON
ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEM
PRESENTED BY
BINOD GHIMIRE ( 2)
DEEPAK LAMICHHENA (3)
PRAMOD KHANAL (11)
UTSAV ADHIKARI (20)
INTRODUCTION
• DG (the production of electricity near the
consumption place)
• DG are renewable energies and cogeneration
(simultaneous production of heat and electricity)
• Renewable energies are from wind, sunlight, tides,
waves, geothermal heat and biomass
• Cogenerated energy is from industry such as sugar
mill (Lumbini sugar mill in Nawalparasi sunawal)
FEATURES AGAINST CENTRALISED
SYSTEM
• Free location in network area
• Small generated power
• Change of generated power depends on
primary energy
ADVANTAGES OF DG
• Close proximity to consumer load
• Improving the reliability of grid
• Reducing the transmission loss
• Providing better voltage support
• Improving the power quality
TYPICAL AVAILABLE SIZE PER
MODULE
TECHNOLOGY TYPICAL AVAILABLE SIZE PER POWER
MODULE
SMALL HYDRO 1 - 100MW
MICRO HYDRO 25KW - 1MW
WIND TURBINE 200W - 3MW
PHOTOVOLTAIC ARRAY 20W - 100KW
BIOMASS GASIFICATION 100KW - 20MW
GEOTHERMAL 5 - 100MW
OCEAN ENERGY 100KW - 5MW
ISSUES OF DG DUE TO OPERATION
OF DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
• Voltage profile change along the network
• Voltage transient will appear as a result of
connection and disconnection of generator
• Power flow is bidirectional
• Short circuit level are increased
• Power quality and reliability may be affected
• Utility protection and DG protection must be
coordinated.
UNIDIRECTIONAL CENTRALLY DELIVERED
POWER GENERATION SYSTEM
Import/
Export
Centralized Transmission
220 &400
production KV
Distributi
on 20KV
Consumers
BIDIRECTIONAL SYSTEM WITH DG
Import /
Export
Centralized Ttansmission
220&400 KV
production
Small scale Distributi
production on 20KV
Micro-
units Consumer
s
EFFECTS OF DG ON ELECTRIC
POWER SYSTEMS
1) OPERATION AND CONTROL :
DG O/P is varied according to local load variation.
DG power O/P can also be varied independently if it
follows price signal.
Or follows the availability of natural resources like solar,
wind etc. which might or might not correspond to the
local load variations.
DG might adversely affect the voltage control
functionality of the network by increasing variations
between maximum and minimum voltage level.
Challenge to traditional voltage, frequency & power
control.
1. OPERATION AND CONTROL (contd…)
Due to large penetration of DG, there is a risk
of control and stability issues like if a CB opens
result in an islanding of DG unit.
If the loss-of-mains is not detected by the DG
unit, the DG unit will continue to operate.
If the DG unit is able to match active and
reactive power of the load in the islanded
system precisely, then it could continue to
operate without any problem.
1. OPERATION AND CONTROL (contd…)
It is however very unrealistic that DG will
exactly match the load in the system during the
time the C.B opens, so large frequency or
voltage variations will occur when the DG unit
tries to supply load.
So, most interconnection rules require a loss-
of-main detection system, to automatically
disconnect the DG unit until the grid is
restored.
2. CHANGE OF S/C CAPACITY:
• Installation of new DG potentially increases the level
of SCC (Short Circuit Capacity)
• Although sometimes, it is desirable to have a high
SCC like in Inverter of line commutated HVDC station
or Presence of large load with rapidly varying
demand.
• Generally, the increase of the SCC potentially
indicates a problem.
3.) STABILITY:
• The areas that need to be considered include
transient ( first swing stability) as well as long
term dynamics stability and voltage collapse.
A.Voltage level of integration and
interconnection-
• Voltage reduces the distance from the
generator or transformer.
STABILITY (Contd…)
• When a DG unit is connected the current flows are
changed or even reversed and the voltage will generally
increase in a way that that is not easy to predict.
• The requirement to meet statutory voltage limits
restricts the capacity of DG that can be connected to the
system, particularely at low voltage level.
1.1
With DG
Voltage pu
1.0
Without DG
0.9
Fig: Voltage rise due to reversed power flow due to DG
STABILITY (Contd…)
B. Voltage wave form deviations : Harmonics-
•Power electronic interface of a advanced system
support possibilities but will inject harmonics
currents to the system.
•The excessive voltage harmonic level may occur
locally or elsewhere in the grid .
•Rotating generator can also inject harmonics
due to the design of winding and core non
linearities.
4.) POWER QUALITY:
• Power quality is generally improved by adding
generation, since it increases the network
fault level.
• Exception is that a single large DG (eg a wind
turbine) on a weak network may lead to
power quality problems, particularly during
starting and stopping.
• Excessive use of power electronics devices
and modern controls introduces power quality
problems.
5.) UNBALANCING :
• Various DGs supply to the network in single-
phase.
• It causes unbalancing of the system and it
should be within permissible limit.
• Their performance deteriorates due to
unbalancing of loads in the phases.
6.) PROTECTION SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS :
• Depends on
1. Characteristics (Rated power, mode of operation,
technology used)
2. Location of DG and N/W configuration
Overcurrent Protection may vary
Impact on Protection scheme of distribution grid
Protection system of DG unit should be able to
detect the fault and rapidly disconnect from the
network.
DG should not interfere with normal operation
PROTECTION SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS (Contd…) :
To be disconnect if fault occurs
LV system protection is based on fuse traditionally
Insufficient to operate DG protection
Modern Technology : Distribution n/w are
automated and equipped with SCADA system for
proper design and co-ordination
Case study is performed using Neplan Software for
the IEEE 14 systems
A DG source (3 MW wind turbine) is added and load
flow is calculated for DG source On-grid and Off-grid
Power Losses are lower if DG is On-grid
Case Study using Neplan Software
Results of the simulation
Wind Turbine Active Power losses Reactive Power losses
ΔP (MW) ΔQ (MVAr)
Off-Grid 13.59 27.43
On-Grid 12.93 24.24
Power losses are lower when the distribution generation is on-grid
CONCLUSION
Impact of DG
i. Energy Losses ii. Voltage profile iii. Flicker
iv. Harmonics v. Short circuit level vi. Islanding vii.
Reliability viii. Network Operation
Benefits of DG
(Reduction of power losses, Power supply is increased,
renewable resources and cogeneration)
DG and DER are not always economically viable
Viability is closely related to energy prices and
government policy.
Thank You
