Scribd
Upload
906 views

William Stallings Data and Computer Communications 9 Edition

This chapter discusses protocols and architecture in computer networking. It introduces the need for protocol architecture to break down complex communication tasks into simpler subtasks implemented in layers. A key point is that protocols establish rules that allow systems to communicate. The chapter describes elements of protocols like syntax, semantics, and timing. It presents models for protocol architecture including a three-layer model and the OSI 7-layer model. The chapter also covers TCP/IP architecture, addressing in networks, protocol data units, and example protocols.

Uploaded by

Faraz Humayun
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
906 views

William Stallings Data and Computer Communications 9 Edition

This chapter discusses protocols and architecture in computer networking. It introduces the need for protocol architecture to break down complex communication tasks into simpler subtasks implemented in layers. A key point is that protocols establish rules that allow systems to communicate. The chapter describes elements of protocols like syntax, semantics, and timing. It presents models for protocol architecture including a three-layer model and the OSI 7-layer model. The chapter also covers TCP/IP architecture, addressing in networks, protocol data units, and example protocols.

Uploaded by

Faraz Humayun
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 41

William Stallings

Data and Computer


Communications
9th Edition

Chapter 2

Protocols and Architecture


Need For Protocol Architecture
 E.g. File transfer
 Source must activate comms. Path or inform network of
destination
 Source must check destination is prepared to receive
 File transfer application on source must check destination file
management system will accept and store file for his user
 In case of incompatible file formats, we may require file format
translation
 Task broken into subtasks
 Implemented separately in layers in stack
 Functions needed in both systems
 Peer layers communicate
Protocol
 A protocol is a set of rules that governs the
communications between computers on a network. In
order for two computers to talk to each other, they must
be speaking the same language.
Key Elements of a Protocol
 Syntax
 Data formats
 Signal levels
 Semantics
 Control information
 Error handling
 Timing
 Speed matching
 Sequencing
Protocol Architecture
 Task of communication broken up into modules
 For example file transfer could use three modules
 File transfer application
 Communication service module
 Network access module
 Nature of exchange between systems is independent of the
nature of the network that connects them.
Simplified File Transfer Architecture
A Three Layer Model
 Network Access Layer
 Transport Layer
 Application Layer
Network Access Layer
 Exchange of data between the computer and the network
 Sending computer provides address of destination
 May invoke levels of service
 Dependent on type of network used (LAN, packet
switched etc.)
Transport Layer
 Reliable data exchange
 Independent of network being used
 Independent of application
Application Layer
 Support for different user applications
 e.g. e-mail, file transfer
Protocol Architectures and Networks
Addressing Requirements
 Two levels of addressing required
 Each computer needs unique network address
 Each application on a (multi-tasking) computer needs a
unique address within the computer
 The service access point or SAP
 The port on TCP/IP stacks
Protocol Data Units (PDU)
 At each layer, protocols are used to communicate
 Control information is added to user data at each layer
 Transport layer may fragment user data
 Each fragment has a transport header
 Destination SAP
 Sequence number
 Error detection code
 This gives a transport protocol data unit
Protocol Data Units
Network PDU
 Adds network header
 network address for destination computer
 Facilities requests
Operation of a Protocol Architecture
OSI
 Open Systems Interconnection
 Developed by the International Organization for
Standardization (ISO)
 Seven layers
OSI - The Model
 A layer model
 Each layer performs a subset of the required
communication functions
 Each layer relies on the next lower layer to perform more
primitive functions
 Each layer provides services to the next higher layer
 Changes in one layer should not require changes in other
layers
The OSI Environment
OSI Layers (1)
 Physical
 Physical interface between devices
 Hub operates at the physical layer
 Data Link
 Means of activating, maintaining and deactivating a reliable link
 Error detection and control
 Higher layers may assume error free transmission
 Switch operates at the data link layer
OSI Layers (2)
 Network
 Transport of information
 Higher layers do not need to know about underlying technology
 Not needed on direct links
 Routers operate at the network layer
 Important Protocols at this layer: IP
 Transport
 Exchange of data between end systems
 Error free
 In sequence
 No losses
 No duplicates
 Quality of service
 Important Protocols at this layer: TCP, UDP
OSI Layers (3)
 Session
 Control of dialogues between applications
 Dialogue discipline
 Grouping
 Recovery
 Presentation
 Data formats and coding
 Data compression
 Encryption
 Application
 Means for applications to access OSI environment
Use of a Relay
TCP/IP Protocol Architecture
 Developed by the US Defense Advanced Research Project
Agency (DARPA) for its packet switched network
(ARPANET)
 Used by the global Internet
 No official model but a working one.
 Application layer
 Host to host or transport layer
 Internet layer
 Network access layer
 Physical layer
Physical Layer
 Physical interface between data transmission device (e.g.
computer) and transmission medium or network
 Characteristics of transmission medium
 Signal levels
 Data rates
 etc.
Network Access Layer
 Exchange of data between end system and network
 Destination address provision
 Invoking services like priority
Internet Layer (IP)
 Systems may be attached to different networks
 Routing functions across multiple networks
 Implemented in end systems and routers
Transport Layer (TCP)
 Reliable delivery of data
 Ordering of delivery
Application Layer
 Support for user applications
 e.g. http, SMTP
OSI v TCP/IP
TCP/IP Concepts
Addressing level
 Level in architecture at which entity is named
 Unique address for each end system (computer) and router
 Network level address
 IP or internet address (TCP/IP)
 Network service access point or NSAP (OSI)
 Process within the system
 Port number (TCP/IP)
 Service access point or SAP (OSI)
Trace of Simple Operation
 Process associated with port 1 in host A sends message to
port 2 in host B
 Process at A hands down message to TCP to send to port 2
 TCP hands down to IP to send to host B
 IP hands down to network layer (e.g. Ethernet) to send to
router J
 Generates a set of encapsulated PDUs
PDUs in TCP/IP
UDP(User Datagram Protocol)
 Transport-level protocol
 Does not guarantee delivery
 Connectionless
 Optional use of the checksum
TCP Header
UDP Header
IP Header
Example Header Information
 Destination port
 Sequence number
 Checksum
Some Protocols in TCP/IP Suite
End of chapter 2
 Quiz of chapter 2 due

You might also like