EMT; 7103 Computer Applications in Engineering

Kris Kego
 Cloud computing is internet-based computing in
which large groups of remote servers are
networked to allow the centralized data storage,
and online access to computer services or
resources
 Clouds can be classified as public, private or
hybrid
• Cloud computing relies on sharing of resources to
achieve coherence and economies of scale, similar to
a utility (like the electricity grid) over a network
• At the foundation of cloud computing is the broader
concept of converged infrastructure and shared
services
• Cloud computing, or in simpler shorthand just "the
cloud", also focuses on maximizing the effectiveness
of the shared resources
• Cloud resources are usually not only shared by
multiple users but are also dynamically reallocated
per demand
• For example, a cloud computer facility that serves
Asian users during Asian business hours with a
specific application (e.g., email) may reallocate the
same resources to serve North American users during
North America's business hours with a different
application (e.g., a web server).
 The term "moving to cloud" also refers to an
organization moving away from a traditional
CAPEX model (buy the dedicated hardware and
depreciate it over a period of time) to the OPEX
model (use a shared cloud infrastructure and pay
as one uses it
• The present availability of the following elements
have led to a growth in cloud computing;-
– High-capacity networks
– Low-cost computers
– Storage devices as well as the
– Widespread adoption of hardware virtualization
– Service-oriented architecture
– Autonomic and utility computing
• Cloud vendors are experiencing growth rates of 50%
per annum
• The origin of the term cloud computing is unclear
• In analogy to above usage, the word cloud was used
as a metaphor for the Internet and a standardized
cloud-like shape was used to denote a network on
telephony schematics and later to depict the Internet
in computer network diagrams
• The cloud symbol was used to represent the Internet
as early as 1994, in which servers were then shown
connected to, but external to, the cloud
• The underlying concept of cloud computing dates to
the 1950s, when large-scale mainframe computers
were seen as the future of computing often referred
to as "static terminals“
• To make more efficient use of costly mainframes, a
practice evolved that allowed multiple users to share
both the physical access to the computer from
multiple terminals as well as the CPU time
• This eliminated periods of inactivity on the
mainframe and allowed for a greater return on the
investment
 In the 1990s, telecommunications companies, who
previously offered primarily dedicated point-to-point data
circuits, began offering virtual private network (VPN) but at
a lower cost
 By switching traffic to balance server use, they could use
overall network bandwidth more effectively
 They began to use the cloud symbol to denote the
demarcation point between what the provider was
responsible for and what users were responsible for
 Cloud computing extends this boundary to cover all servers
as well as the network infrastructure
 Grid computing
 "A form of distributed and parallel computing, whereby a
'super and virtual computer' is composed of a cluster of
networked, loosely coupled computers acting in concert to
perform very large tasks
 Mainframe computer
 Powerful computers used mainly by large organizations for
critical applications, typically bulk data processing such as:
census; industry and consumer statistics; police and secret
intelligence services; enterprise resource planning; and
financial transaction processing
 Utility computing
 The "packaging of computing resources, such as
computation and storage, as a metered service similar
to a traditional public utility, such as electricity
 Peer-to-peer
 A distributed architecture without the need for central
coordination. Participants are both suppliers and
consumers of resources (in contrast to the traditional
client–server model)
 On-demand self-service
 A consumer can unilaterally provision computing
capabilities, such as server time and network storage, as
needed automatically without requiring human interaction
with each service provider.
 Broad network access
 Capabilities are available over the network and accessed
through standard mechanisms that promote use by
heterogeneous thin or thick client platforms (e.g., mobile
phones, tablets, laptops, and workstations
 Resource pooling
 The provider's computing resources are pooled to serve
multiple consumers using a multi-tenant model, with
different physical and virtual resources dynamically
assigned and reassigned according to consumer demand
 Rapid elasticity
 Capabilities can be elastically provisioned and released, in
some cases automatically, to scale rapidly outward and inward
commensurate with demand
 Measured service
 Cloud systems automatically control and optimize
resource use
 Resource usage can be monitored, controlled, and
reported, providing transparency for both the provider
and consumer of the utilized service
 Cost
 reductions claimed by cloud providers. A public-cloud
delivery model converts capital expenditure to operational
expenditure
 Device and location independence
 enable users to access systems using a web browser
regardless of their location or what device they use
 Maintenance
 Cloud computing applications is easier, because they do
not need to be installed on each user's computer and can be
accessed from different places
 Multitenancy
 Enables sharing of resources and costs across a large
pool of users thus allowing for:
 Centralization of infrastructure in locations with lower
costs (such as real estate, electricity, etc.)
 Peak-load capacity increases (users need not engineer for
highest possible load-levels)
 Utilisation and efficiency improvements for systems that
are often only 10–20% utilised
 Performance
 Is monitored, and consistent and loosely coupled
architectures are constructed using web services as the
system interface
 Productivity
 May be increased when multiple users can work on the
same data simultaneously
 Reliability
 improves with the use of multiple redundant sites, which
makes well-designed cloud computing suitable for business
continuity and disaster recovery
 Scalability and elasticity
 Via dynamic ("on-demand") provisioning of resources
on a fine-grained, self-service basis in near real-time
 Security
 Can improve due to centralization of data, increased
security-focused resources, etc
 However, concerns can persist about loss of control
over certain sensitive data, and the lack of security for
stored kernels
 Pools of hypervisors within the cloud operational
support-system can support large numbers of virtual
machines and the ability to scale services up and
down according to customers' varying requirements
 IaaS clouds often offer additional resources such as a
virtual-machine disk image library, raw block
storage, and file or object storage, firewalls, load
balancers, IP addresses, virtual local area networks
(VLANs), and software bundles
 In the PaaS models, cloud providers deliver a
computing platform, typically including operating
system, programming language execution
environment, database, and web server
 Application developers can develop and run their
software solutions on a cloud platform without the
cost and complexity of buying and managing the
underlying hardware and software layers
 In the business model using software as a service
(SaaS), users are provided access to application
software and databases
 Cloud providers manage the infrastructure and
platforms that run the applications
 SaaS is sometimes referred to as "on-demand
software" and is usually priced on a pay-per-use
basis
 In the Unified Communication aaS model, multi-
platform communications over the network are
packaged by the service provider
 The services could be in different devices, such
as computers and mobile devices. Services may
include IP telephony, unified messaging, video
conferencing and mobile extension
 Private cloud
 Private cloud is cloud infrastructure operated solely for
a single organization, whether managed internally or
by a third-party, and hosted either internally or
externally
 Public cloud
 A cloud is called a "public cloud" when the services
are rendered over a network that is open for public use
 Public cloud services may be free or offered on a pay-
per-usage model
 Hybrid cloud
 Hybrid cloud is a composition of two or more clouds
(private, community or public) that remain distinct
entities but are bound together, offering the benefits of
multiple deployment models
 "The NIST Definition of Cloud Computing". National Institute of
Standards and Technology. Retrieved 24 July 2011.
 "What is Cloud Computing?". Amazon Web Services. 2013-03-19.
Retrieved 2013-03-20.
 "Baburajan, Rajani, "The Rising Cloud Storage Market Opportunity Str
engthens Vendors," infoTECH, August 24, 2011"
. It.tmcnet.com. 2011-08-24. Retrieved 2011-12-02.
 Oestreich, Ken, (2010-11-15). "Converged Infrastructure". CTO
Forum. Thectoforum.com. Retrieved 2011-12-02.
 "Where's The Rub: Cloud Computing's Hidden Costs". 2014-02-27.
Retrieved 2014-07-14.
 "Cloud Computing: Clash of the clouds". The Economist. 2009-10-15.
Retrieved 2009-11-03.
 "Gartner Says Cloud Computing Will Be As Influential As E-business"