University Institute of Engineering

Electronics & Communication Engineering

Bachelor of Engineering (Electronics &
Communication Engineering)
5G TECHNOLOGY
(MSC21E-ECT-482)
Prepared By: Kritika Raj Sharma
5G TECHNOLOGY DISCOVER . LEARN . EMPOWER
 5G TECHNOLOGY

Course Outcome
CO Title Level
Number

CO1 Learn and understand 5G Technology advances and their Remember

benefits.  
CO2 Evaluate the key RF, PHY, MAC and air interface changes Understand
required to support 5G.  
CO3 Learn to design and analyse device to device communication Understand
and millimeter wave communication.

CO4 Investigate the solution methods in fundamental problems in Understand

%G technology.  
CO5 Understand the architecture and operation of MIMO Understand
 

2
 COURSE CONTENT

UNIT 1: Overview of 5G Technology

5G Broadband Evaluation of mobile technologies 1G to 4G (LTE, LTEA, LTEA Pro),
Wireless An Overview of 5G requirements, Regulations for 5G,Spectrum
Communications Analysis and Sharing for 5G.
Channel modeling requirements, propagation scenarios and
The 5G wireless challenges in the 5G modeling, Channel Models for mmWave
Propagation MIMO Systems.
Channels

Transmission and Basic requirements of transmission over 5G, Modulation

Design Techniques – Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM),
Techniques for generalized frequency division multiplexing (GFDM), filter bank
5G multi-carriers (FBMC) and universal filtered multi-carrier (UFMC)

3
 COURSE CONTENT

• Unit II 5G Architecture and Types of Communication

5G Architecture Introduction, High-level requirements, Functional architecture and 5G
flexibility, Physical architecture and 5G deployment.

Machine-type Introduction to MTC, fundamental techniques of MTC, massive MTC,

Communications Ultra-reliable low-latency MTC.

Device-to-device D2D: from 4G to 5G, Radio resource management for mobile

communication broadband D2D, Multi-hop D2D communications for proximity and
emergency services, Multi-operator D2D communication.

4
 COURSE CONTENT

• Unit III 5G Access Technology

Millimeter wave Spectrum and regulations, channel propagation, hardware

communication technologies, architecture and mobility, beamforming, physical
layer techniques.

Massive MIMO Introduction, pilot design for massive MIMO, Resource

systems allocation, Fundamentals of baseband and RF
implementations.

Spectrum Spectrum challenges in 5G, spectrum landscape and

requirements, 5G spectrum technologies.

5
 Massive MIMO and
Channel Modeling for Millimeter Wave

1
 Achieving 10000x
capacity

10x 20x 50x 10000x

=
Performanc Spectru Base Stations Performance
e m

Massive mmWav Densificatio

MIMO e n

2
Source: IEEE Spectrum, July 2004, n. 7
 What is Massive
MIMO?
T. L. Marzetta, “The case for MANY (greater than 16) antennas as the base station,” in Proc. ITA, San Diego, CA, USA, Jan. 2007.

Thomas L. Marzetta , "Noncooperative Cellular Wireless with Unlimited Numbers of Base Station Antennas ,” IEEE Trans. Commun. 2010.

M
M-
1 User 1

B
S

2 User 2
1

3
User
K
 Antenna Array Gain N= 1 5
1.0

1.0

0.5
0.5

2 Elements
1 0.0 0.0

Element - 0.5
- 0.5

- 1.0

- 1.0
- 1.0 - 0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 - 1.0 - 0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0

Antenna Aperture  / D
10
1.0 20
1.0

0.5 0.5

10 0.0
20 Elements
0.0

Elements - 0.5
- 0.5

- 1.0
- 1.0 - 1.0 - 0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0
- 1.0 - 0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0

D 4
 What is Massive MIMO
Essentially multiuser MIMO with lots of base station antennas

Tens of Users Hundreds of BS

antennas

A very large antenna array at each base station

A large number of users are served simultaneously
An excess of base station (BS) antennas 5
Maximal Ratio
Combining
Uplink
M
h*
M

 hM
B
S
h2
h*2 2 Use
r
1
h1* h1

11
 Maximal Ratio
Transmission
Downlink
M
h*
M
hM

h2

h*2 2 h1 Use
r
1
h1*
BS
Knowledge of the Channel at the transmitter side.
Reciprocity!

12
Bit Error Probability
Maximal Ratio
Combining
yx
z ⎛ 2Eb
AWGN Channel
Pb  ⎜ ⎟
Q N
⎞ 0
⎝
⎠

y  [h1 h2 h3 ! h M ]x 
z y  hx  z
h† y
MRC
M
k
1⎛ b ⎞ M 1
M 1 ⎞⎛1 1 b ⎞ AWGN Channel
Pb  2 1 ⎛
b  M
 k k
⎟⎠ ⎜⎝
2 b  M
⎜⎝  k0 ⎜⎝ +Fading with
2
⎟⎠ ⎟⎠ Diversity
 b  Eb
N0
13
Maximal Ratio
Combining
Bit Error Probability
1

0.1

0.01 M=
17 dB 1

0.001
M=
2
10 -4

Only
10 -5 Gaussian
Nois M=
e M=5 8
0
10 -6 0 5 10 15 20

14
Averaging the Fast Fading
20 20

10

N= 0 N=
2

Pow (dBm

Pow (dBm
0

−10
1 −20

−40

)
−20

−60
−30

−40 −80

er

er
−50
−100

−60
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

distanc
−120
4
x 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10
7 4
x 10

e distanc
e
20
20

N=20
Pow (dBm

N=
0

−20 0
4
)

−20

−40
−40

Power
(dBm)
−60
er

−60

−80

−80

−100

−100

−120
0 1 2 3 4 5 7 8 9 10
6 4
x 10 −120
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

distance distanc
4
x 10

e
15
Maximal Ratio
Combining
Geometrical Interpretation

h2
h1

h3

h4 h5

|h 1 | 2 |h 2 | 2 |h3 |2 |h4 |2 |h 5 | 2

16
 System Model
hK
h1
x1
h2
xK
x2
K

y
i1 xi h i  z

h*i y
Processing for user i
M
1
h i h*i 1
M
1
h i h*j 0
M

17
 MRT Precoding

MASSIVE MIMO FOR NEXT GENERATION WIRELESS SYSTEMS

Erik G. Larsson, ISY, Linköping University, Sweden Ove Edfors, Lund University, Sweden Fredrik Tufvesson, Lund University, Sweden Thomas L. Marzetta,
Bell Labs, Alcatel-Lucent, USA
18
L
Cells
1 2

19
System Model Slow Fading +Shadowing

h
n

Multipath
Fast Fading
S3

15

20
 Signal-to-interference-plus-noise
Ratio

SIR ⎯ ⎯⎯ 2
2 M 
 jkl jkl
  2 Gv
2
jkl  jkl
 l j
j

 l

 2
jkl
l j

Gv
M

• Fading and noise vanish as M grows to infinity!

• SIR expression is independent of the transmitted
powers.
• For an arbitrarily small transmitted energy- per-bit, the SIR can be
approached arbitrarily closely by employing a sufficient number of
21
Pilot Contamination
Pilot
Uplink Contamination
Training

22
Pilot Contamination

23
Experimental Results for Massive MIMO
Lund University - Sweden
128 antennas freq. 1.2 ~ 6 GHz
10 users
National Instrument Plataform - USRP

1,2 24
Experimental Results for Massive MIMO
Lund University - Sweden

High speed data streaming for multiple users

10 mobile uses stream HD

video on uplink to basestation

Basestation streams 10 HD
videos on downlink to users.

25
Experimental Results for Massive MIMO
Lund University
128 Antennas 128 Virtual Antenna Array

26
 4 Terminals, M=4,32, and 128 - H (4 x M)

  max
 min
27
Experimental Results for Massive MIMO
Angle of Arrival

LOS scenario with four NLOS scenario with four LOS scenario where
users co-located users co-located the four users are
well separated.

28
Experimental Results for Massive MIMO
Argos: Practical Many-Antenna Base Stations
Rice University, Bells Labs and Yale University

64 Antennas
WARP Plataform
freq. 2.4 GHz

Argos: Practical Many-Antenna Base Stations

Clayton Shepard, Hang Yu, Narendra Anand, Lin

Zhong1

Li Erran Li, Thomas Marzetta2,

Richard Yang3

29
Experimental Results for Massive MIMO

30
MIMO Model
h11

h21

h12
M h22 M
t r
 h12 
H
h 21 h22 
h11

C  min M t , M r log 2 1 

SNR  if Mt ≫ Mr

C  M r log2 1  SNR
31
Angular Spread

27
Source: David Tse –Fundamentals of Wireless Communications
Experimental Results for Massive MIMO

K=15
terminals

5,7x Gain

Total transmission power is scaled by 1/M.

33
Experimental Cell Capacity

M=64 Antennas
at BS

Power per terminal

scaled by 1/K.

Ccell   k1
K

log 2 1 
34
Millimeter-Wave communication
Atmospheric Absorption is not a major problem
Channel Modeling for millimeter Wave

• Parameters
– Free Space Attenuation
– Path Loss Exponent
– AOA (Angle of Arrival) and AOD (Angle of
Departure)
– Penetration loss
 Free Space Attenuation

The equation often leads to an erroneous belief that free space attenuates an
electromagnetic wave according to its frequency.
The expression for FSPL actually encapsulates two effects:
Antenna Gain=1

P 4 f 2
Attenuation PT  4 d 2 1 2 G
R c

Distance dependency Frequency dependency

of Antenna
37
 Free Space Attenuation
⎛ 4 ⎞ f - Hz
AdB  20 log df
10 ⎜ c d - meters
⎝
 20 log10 ⎟d   20 log10  f   147.55
⎠
AttenuationHd
BL Antenna Gain = 1 60
140 GHz

120 3
d=150 m GHz
100
26 d=3000m
dB
80

60

d
10 100 1000 HmetersL
104 38
 Free Space Attenuation

• For a fixed antenna area, the beamforming gain grows with

 2 ;
• The increase in path loss can be entirely compensated by applying beam
forming;
• In fact, the path loss can be more than compensated relative to today’s
cellular systems, with beamforming applied at both ends.
• We conclude that maintaining the same physical antenna size, mmW
propagation does not lead to any reduction in path loss relative to
current cellular frequencies.

39
 Path Loss Exponent
L  10nlog10 d 
18
0
n=6 - Indoor Environments
13
5 n=4 - Two Ray Model
L (dB

9
)

0 n=2 - Free Space

4
5
n=1,5 Waveguide

0
1 10 100 100
d (meters) 0
Path Loss
Exponent
Frequency LOS NLOS Distance Reference
900 MHz 5.3 30-400 [7]
1800 MHz 5.5 30-400 [7]
2 GHz 1,56 1-20 [4]
2,3 GHz 6 30-400 [7]
5 GHz 1,87 1-20 [4]
17 GHz 1,98 1-20 [4]
28 GHz 2 2,92 30 — 200 [1]
28 GHZ 2,6 3,4 1—100 [2]
28 GHz 5,52 1-100 [9]
38 GHz 2.3 3.86 [10]
60 GHz 1,52 0,5 — 3 [5]
73 GHz 2 2,57 30 — 200 [1]
73 GHz 2 3,4 1—100 [2]
41
 Path Loss
Exponent
Line of
Sight
4
y = 0,0007x + 1,9583
Los Exponen

3,
2

2, 2,
t

4 6 2,
1,9 2 3 2
1, 1,8
1,57 8
6
s

1,5
6 2
0,
Pat

8
h

0
0 2 40 6 8
0 0 0
Frequency (GHz)
42
 Path Loss
Exponent
Non-Line of
Sight
6
Los Exponen y6= -0,0363x + 5,3757

5 3
,
5 ,5 5,52
4,8

3, 3,8
t

6 3,4 6 3,
2,9 4
2,
2 2,5
4
s

7
1,
Pat

2
h

0
0 2 40 6 8
0 0 0
Frequency (GHz)
43
Penetration
Loss
Frequency Loss (dB) Material Reference

800 MHz 7 Wall [6]

900 MHz 14,2 Wall [7]

1.8 GHz 13,5 Wall [3]

1,8 GHz 13,4 Wall [7]

2,3 GHz 12,8 Wall [7]

28 GHz 35,5 Wall [8]

44
Penetration
Loss
4
0

3
0

2
0

1
0
0 7,5 15 22, 3
Frequency 5 0
0 (GHz)
45
Path Loss
Exponent

25
dB
 AOA - Angleof Arrival
The perfect Angle of Arrival

105 ° 90 ° 75 °
120 ° 60 °
135 ° 45 °
# Resolvable 150 ° 30 ° 
~
Paths D
Ωr 165 ° 15 °

Nr 
r 180 ° 0

195 ° 345 °

210 ° 330 °

225 ° 315 °
240 ° 300 °
255 ° 270 ° 285 °

D 42
AOA - Angleof Arrival

1) As the frequency increases,  ~ D decreases and the
therefore the resolvability of the antenna array increases.

2) As the frequency increases the angular spread decreases.

Source: David Tse book 43

 AOA - Angleof Arrival

28 GHz
6 main Lobes

George R. MacCartney Jr and Theodore Rappaport, "Millimeter Wave Propagation Measurements for Outdoor Urban
Mobile and Backhaul Communications in New York City,”IEEE ICC 2014.

49
 AOA - Angleof Arrival

73 GHz
3 main Lobes

George R. MacCartney Jr and Theodore Rappaport, "Millimeter Wave Propagation Measurements for Outdoor Urban
Mobile and Backhaul Communications in New York City,”IEEE ICC 2014.

50
 AOA - Angle of Arrival
In order to overcome the loss in the degrees of freedom, we must use
2D antennas.

4
6
 Delay Spread

The RMS delay spread is independent of frequency in the LOS scenario

Source: Dajana Cassioli, Luca Alfredo Annoni and Stefano Piersanti, “Characterization of Path Loss and Delay Spread of 60-GHz UWB Channels vs. Frequency, “ IEEE ICC 2013 - Wireless
Communications Symposium.
52
 Delay Spread

For NLOS, delay spread increases with the frequency and then
saturates.

53
Prof. Matti Latva-Aho
Set of measurements at 10 GHz
- Penetration loss
- AOA
- Knife edge diffraction
- Delay Spread

PhD. Student Claudio F. Dias

54
Virtual Antenna Array 20x20

55
Virtual MIMO channel Measurement
system

RX TX
10 GHz dual-polarized
pach antennas
R&S ZNB20 4-port VNA
Schneider
LMDCE572 Stepper

motors

56
 Test measurements in Anechoic
chamber (2)
• Distance between antennas
was 4.9 meters measured
between antenna array
origins
• 4 cases:

Tx array Rx array
3x3 3x3
1x1 20x20
20x20 1x1
(*) RX unit rotated clockwise
1x1 20x2 * 18.8 degrees

57
Corner diffraction measurement

58
 H

Knife-edge diffraction

2H

b

59
AOA - Angle of
Arrival

60
Wall Penetration Loss
Measurements
• Simple penetration loss
measurements with few
antenna locations
• Idea was to measure the
penetration by moving
antennas only fractions
of wavelength between
the measurements

61
Conclusions
Benefits from the (many) excess antennas
Simplified multiuser processing
(MRC and MRT) Reduced transmit
power
Thermal noise and fast fading
vanish mmW Communication
Narrow-beam communication is new
to cellular communications and poses
difficulties.
Free space does not increase as frequency
increases (keeping the same effective antenna
area).
Penetration loss is thenew problem (on-off
behavior of the channel).
The loss of degrees of freedom, as62
 References
1- Mustafa Riza Akdeniz, Yuanpeng Liu, Mathew K. Samimi, Shu Sun, Student Member, IEEE, Sundeep Rangan, Theodore
S. Rappaport, and Elza Erkip, "Millimeter Wave Channel Modeling and Cellular Capacity Evaluation,”, IEEE JOURNAL ON
SELECTED AREAS IN COMMUNICATIONS, VOL. 32, NO. 6, JUNE 2014.
2- Millimeter Wave Cellular Ultra-Wideband Statistical Channel Model for NonLine of Sight Millimeter-Wave Urban
Channels Communications: Channel Models, Capacity Limits, Challenges and Opportunities
Prof. Ted Rappaport NYUWIRELESS,NYU Polytechnic School of Engineering, Joint work with Sundeep Rangan and Elza Erkip.
3 - A. F. Toledo, D. GJ Lewis, and A.M.D. Turkmani, "Radio Propagation into Buildings at 1.8 GHz”
4P. Nobles, and F. Halsall, "Delay Spread and Received Power Measurements within a Building at 2GHz, 5 GHz and 17 Ghz,”
5- Maria-Teresa Martinez-Ingles, Davy P. Gaillot, Juan Pascual-Garcia, Jose-Maria Molina-Garcia-Pardo, Martine Lienard, and
José-Víctor Rodríguez, “Deterministic and Experimental Indoor mmW Channel Modeling, “IEEE ANTENNAS AND WIRELESS
PROPAGATION LETTERS, VOL. 13, 2014 1047.
6 -D. Cox, "Measurements of 800 MHz Radio Transmission
Into Buildings with Metallic Walls”, The Bell System Technical Journal 1983
7- A. F. Toledo, , Adel Turlmani, and David Parsons, "Estimating Coverage of Radio Transmission into and within
Buildings at 900, 1800, and 2300 MHz,” IEEE Personal Communications April 1998.
8- Hao Xu, Member, IEEE, Vikas Kukshya, Member, IEEE, and Theodore S. Rappaport, Fellow, IEEE , “Spatial and Temporal
Characteristics of 60-GHz Indoor Channels, “IEEE JOURNAL ON SELECTED AREAS IN COMMUNICATIONS, VOL. 20, NO. 3,
APRIL 2002.
9- Mathew Samimi, Kevin Wang, Yaniv Azar, George N. Wong, Rimma Mayzus, Hang Zhao, Jocelyn K. Schulz, Shu Sun, Felix
Gutierrez, Jr., and Theodore S. Rappaport , 28 GHz Angle of Arrival and Angle of Departure Analysis for Outdoor Cellular
Communications using Steerable Beam Antennas in New York City, VTC 2013.
10- Theodore S. Rappaport, Yijun Qiao, Jonathan I. Tamir, James N. Murdock, Eshar Ben-Dor , “Cellular Broadband
Millimeter Wave Propagation and Angle of Arrival for Adaptive Beam Steering Systems (Invited Paper),”RWS 2012.
11- Dajana Cassioli, Luca Alfredo Annoni and Stefano Piersanti, “Characterization of Path Loss and Delay Spread of 60- GHz
UWB Channels vs. Frequency, “ IEEE ICC 2013 - Wireless Communications Symposium.

63
64
Thank You All….. !!!
