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Complex Inheritance Patterns

- Incomplete dominance results in an intermediate phenotype in heterozygotes, like pink flowers in snapdragons with red and white alleles. Codominance means both phenotypes are expressed, like checkered feathers in chickens with black and white alleles. Multiple alleles exist for traits like blood types, with A, B, AB, and O alleles. - Sex is determined by X and Y chromosomes, with XX being female and XY male. Sex-linked traits are carried on the X or Y, so more females exhibit dominant X-linked traits while more males exhibit recessive X-linked traits. Polygenic traits are influenced by multiple genes and show a range of phenotypes.

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114 views

Complex Inheritance Patterns

- Incomplete dominance results in an intermediate phenotype in heterozygotes, like pink flowers in snapdragons with red and white alleles. Codominance means both phenotypes are expressed, like checkered feathers in chickens with black and white alleles. Multiple alleles exist for traits like blood types, with A, B, AB, and O alleles. - Sex is determined by X and Y chromosomes, with XX being female and XY male. Sex-linked traits are carried on the X or Y, so more females exhibit dominant X-linked traits while more males exhibit recessive X-linked traits. Polygenic traits are influenced by multiple genes and show a range of phenotypes.

Uploaded by

aiza larroza
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Complex Inheritance Patterns

1. Incomplete Dominance – phenotype of


heterozygous is intermediate of the 2
homozygous phenotypes
- results in the blending of traits
- example: snap dragons
• Alleles:
R = red
R’ = white

• Genotypes/Phenotypes
red
RR = __________
white
R’R’ = _________
pink
RR’ = __________
Example Problem:
Red snapdragon crossed with a pink snapdragon
RR
_______ RR’
X _______

Results:
2 50
___ of 4 red = _____%
2 50
___ of 4 pink = _____%
0 0
___ of 4 white = _____%
human example of incomplete dominance:
sickle cell anemia (on the clinical level)
• most common in Africans/African Americans
• 1 in 12 black people are carriers
• causes red blood cells to form sickle shape

• sickled cells block blood flow


• symptoms: shortness of breath, pain in joints, anemia,
fatigue
• being a carrier is an advantage against malaria
– alleles:
A = normal
S = sickle cell

genotypes/phenotypes:
normal
AA = _________________ (no sickling)
carrier
AS = _________________ (few cells will sickle;
extremely mild
symptoms)
sickle cell anemia
SS = _________________ (distinct sickling;
full-fledged symptoms)
Problem: 2 carriers have a child. What is the
chance that the child will have SCA?
AS
_______ X _______
AS

25%
% chance ______
2. Codominance – both phenotypes of
homozygous individuals show up in
heterozygous
- Results in the expression of both traits
- Example: chickens
alleles:
B = black
W = white

genotypes/phenotypes:
black
BB = __________
white
WW = _________
checkered
BW = __________
Problem: Cross 2 checkered chickens.
What % of the offspring will be white?
BW
_______ BW
X _______

1
___ of 4 is white = ______%
25 white
Another Codominance Example
• Roan cow – result of cross between a red cow
and a white cow
3. Multiple alleles – there are more than two
forms (alleles) for the trait
Human example: ABO blood typing
alleles: IA , IB , i
IA and IB are codominant to each other
IA and IB are dominant to __i__
genotypes/phenotypes:
IAIA and IAi = _______________
type A blood
IBIB and IBi = _____________
type B blood
IAIB = ____________
type AB blood
ii = ___________
type O blood
Importance of blood typing:
• parentage
• blood transfusions
incompatible blood can result in blood clotting,
then death
Problem: A woman with blood type O has a
baby with blood type O. Her husband has
blood type AB. Could the baby be his?
Problem: A woman with blood type A has a
baby with blood type O. Her husband has
blood type B. Could the baby be his?
• Transfusion compatibility:
• A and B are surface proteins on red blood cells
• You CANNOT accept blood from someone who has a
protein that you do not have!
Acceptor

A B AB O

D A
o
B
n
o
AB
r
O
Rh factor – another surface protein
_+_ = has Rh protein
_-_ = does not have Rh protein
(-) can give to (+)
(+) cannot give to (-)

So, O- can give blood to anyone = universal donor


AB+ can get blood from anyone = universal acceptor
If a woman is Rh - and is pregnant with a baby
who is Rh + , her body can attack her next Rh+
child.

Problem for 2nd child!!


Test for Blood Typing
4. Sex Determination
Humans have 22 pairs of autosomes
(chromosomes shared by males and females)
and 1 pair of sex chromosomes (X and Y) = __23__
pairs = __46__ total per cell.

Humans:
XX = female
XY = male
Problem:
– A man and a woman have 5 sons. What is the
chance their next child will be a girl?

ALWAYS __50%__ chance!!!


• FYI: The man “chooses” the sex of the child.
Women only have X’s to give. Man gives X to
daughters and Y to sons.
5. Sex-Linked Traits/Diseases
– controlled by genes on the X or Y
chromosomes

If trait is on:
– X and is dominant – more females have it (ex.
scoliosis)
– X and is recessive – more males have it (ex.
baldness, colorblindness, hemophilia)
– Y – only males have it
Red-green colorblindness (recessive on X)

N =______________
normal n = _______________
colorblind
female normal
XNXN = ___________ female colorblind
XnXn = ___________
XNXn = ___________
female carrier male colorblind
XnY = ___________
XNY = ___________
male normal
A man who is not colorblind has a son with a
woman who is a carrier for colorblindness.
What is the chance that the son will be
colorblind?

Who did the son inherit the colorblindness from?


Can a man that is not colorblind have a daughter that is?
Hemophilia – disease that interferes with blood clotting
• Treated with clotting enzymes or transfusion
• Recessive on X 
Famous People with Hemophilia

Albert and Victoria –


Ryan White and mom English royal family

Romanoff Family
normal
N = ____________n hemophilia
= _____________
female normal
XNXN = ___________ XnXn =female hemophilia
____________
XNXn = ___________
female carrier XnY = male hemophilia
____________
XNY = ___________
male normal

A woman who is a carrier for hemophilia and a man who has


hemophilia want to have a child. They want to know the
chance of their child having hemophilia.
Sex-Linked Recessive Pedigrees
• Males have it; females are carriers
6.Polygenic Traits – traits controlled by many
genes; difficult to predict exact outcome
These traits show broad range of phenotypes
Ex. hair color, eye color, skin color, human height

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