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Maths Project: Surmount International School

The document defines probability and key terminology like sample space, events, mutually exclusive outcomes, and equally likely outcomes. It provides examples to illustrate these concepts and explains formulas for calculating probability. Theorems of probability like the addition theorem, multiplication theorem, and conditional probability are outlined. Examples are given to demonstrate how to calculate probability for events like throwing dice or coins.

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Vandana Singh
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53 views9 pages

Maths Project: Surmount International School

The document defines probability and key terminology like sample space, events, mutually exclusive outcomes, and equally likely outcomes. It provides examples to illustrate these concepts and explains formulas for calculating probability. Theorems of probability like the addition theorem, multiplication theorem, and conditional probability are outlined. Examples are given to demonstrate how to calculate probability for events like throwing dice or coins.

Uploaded by

Vandana Singh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SURMOUNT INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL

MATHS PROJECT

PROBABILITY
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Definition of Probability:
If there are ‘n’ exhaustive, mutually exclusive and equally likely
outcomes of a random experiment, and ‘m’ of them are
favourable to an event ‘A’, then the probability of happening of ‘A’
is:

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where m is no. of favourable events
n is no. of unfavourable events

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Terminology Used in Definition:
Random Experiment:
An occurrence which can be repeated a number of times
essentially under the same conditions & whose result can’t be
predicted beforehand, is known as a random experiment or
simply an experiment.
Sample Space & Sample Point:
The set of all possible outcomes of a experiment is called a
sample space (S)
The elements of sample space are called sample points.

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A sample space is said to be finite or infinite.
For Eg: If we throw a dice, it can result in any of the six numbers
1,2,3,4,5,6.
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Therefore sample space of this experiment is
S= { 1,2,3,4,5,6 } and
n(S) = 6
Event:
Any subset of sample space is called an event.
If S is a sample space, then it is obvious that the null set Ø and
the sample space S it self are events.
For eg: E = { 2,4,6} and n (A) = 3

Exhaustive Outcomes:
By exhaustive we mean that all the possible outcomes have
been taken into consideration and one of them must happen as
a result of an experiment.

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For Eg(1): If we throw a dice, there are six exhaustive outcomes ,
namely numbers 1,2,3,4,5,6 coming uppermost.
Eg(2): In tossing a coin there are two exhaustive out comes
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namely coming up of head & tail.
Mutually Exclusive Outcomes:
Outcomes are said to be mutually exclusive if the happening of
an outcome excludes the possibility of the happening of other out-
comes.
For e.g.: In tossing a coin, if head coming up then coming up of tail
is excluded in that particular chance.
Equally Likely Outcomes:
Outcomes are said to be equally likely when the occurrence of
none of them is expected in preference to others.
Independent & Dependent Event:
Two events are said to be independent if the probability of occur-

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rence of either of them is not affected by the occurrence or non –
occurrence of the other.

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On the other hand, if the occurrence of one event affects the
probability of occurrence of the other, then the second event is said
to be dependent on the first.
Illustrations 1:
An unbiased dice is thrown. What is the probability of
i. getting a six
ii. getting either five or six
Solution:
In a single throw of dice, there are six possible outcomes i.e.
1,2,3,4,5,6.
Thus n(S) = 6
iii. getting a six
Here n(E) = 1
Therefore required probability:

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ii. getting either five or six

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Here n(E) = 2
Therefore required probability:
Illustrations 2:
In a simultaneous throw of two die, find the probability of get -
ting a total of 6.
Solution:
In a simultaneous throw of two die, we have 6 * 6 i.e. 36 possible
outcomes.
Thus n(S) = 36 and
E = { (1,5), (2,4), (3,3), (4,2), (5,1)} i.e. n (E) = 5

Therefore required probability:

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THEOREMS OF PROBABILITY:
Addition Theorem (OR Theorem)
Multiplication Theorem (AND Theorem)
Addition Theorem:
Case 1: When events are mutually exclusive:
It state that if two events A & B are mutually exclusive then the
probability of occurrence of either A or B is the sum of the indi-
vidual probability of A & B. Symbolically
P(AUB) = P(A) + P(B)
Case 2: When events are NOT mutually exclusive:

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It states that if two events A & B are not mutually exclusive, then
probability of the occurrence of either A or B is the sum of the in-
dividual probability of A & B minus the probability of occurrence
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of both A and B. Symbolically
P(AUB) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A B)
Conditional Probability:
The probability of occurrence of event A, given that the event B
has already occurred is called conditional probability of occur-
rence of A on the condition that B has already occurred.
It is denoted by P(A/B).
If A and B are independent events, then P(A/B) = P(A).
Multiplication Theorem:
The probability of simultaneous occurrence of two events A & B is
the product of probability of A and the conditional probability of B
when A has already occurred or vice – versa. Symbolically
P(A B) = P(A). P(B/A), If P(A) ≠ 0
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P(A B) = P(B). P(A/B), If P(B) ≠ 0
It is noted that in case of independent events:

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P(A B) = P(A). P(B)

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