BASIC
STATISTICAL
CONCEPTS
Lesson 1
Adapted/Modified from: ARVIN B. SALERA
Intended Learning Outcomes
◦ Exhibit knowledge and understanding of the
different types of variables and some basic
statistical terms.
◦ Determine appropriate sampling technique to be
used.
Word Cloud Activity
◦Go to menti.com with voting code 8179 4390 and provide word/words
you can associate with the word “STATISTICS”
◦Or you may click this link
https://www.menti.com/2ewnm818hx
◦From the given words, come up with your own definition of “statistics”
What is Statistics?
◦ “Statistics is a way to get information from data”
Statistics
Data Information
Data: Facts, especially Information: Knowledge
numerical facts, collected communicated concerning
together for reference or some particular fact.
information.
Statistics is a tool for creating new understanding from a set of numbers.
Definitions: Oxford English 1.4
Dictionary
What is STATISTICS?
◦ The science of collecting, organizing, presenting,
analyzing, and interpreting data to assist in making more
effective decisions
◦ Statistical analysis – used to manipulate summarize, and
investigate data, so that useful decision-making
information results.
What is STATISTICS?
◦ Plural meaning - it is a set of numerical data or
observations that are systematically collected and
analyzed.
◦ Singular meaning - it is defined as a branch of science
which deals with the collection, presentation, analysis of
data and interpretation of results.
What is STATISTICS?
◦ Plural meaning - it is a set of numerical data or
observations that are systematically collected and
analyzed.
◦ Singular meaning - it is defined as a branch of science
which deals with the collection, presentation, analysis of
data and interpretation of results.
Two Major Fields of Statistics
APPLIED THEORETICAL/MATHEMATICAL
◦ Concerned with the ◦ Concerned with the
procedures and techniques development of the
used in the collection, mathematical foundations of
presentation, organization, the methods used in applied
analysis, and interpretation of statistics.
data.
Under Applied Statistics:
Descriptive Inferential
◦ Includes all the techniques ◦ Includes all the techniques
used in organizing, used in analyzing the sample
summarizing and presenting data that will lead to
the data on hand without generalizations about a
drawing conclusion or population from which the
inferences about a large group. sample came from.
Under Applied Statistics:
Descriptive Inferential
◦ Includes all the techniques ◦ Includes all the techniques
used in organizing, used in analyzing the sample
summarizing and presenting data that will lead to
the data on hand without generalizations about a
drawing conclusion or population from which the
inferences about a large group. sample came from.
Examples:
Descriptive Inferential
◦ The head nurse wants to ◦ The head nurse wants to
determine the number of infer whether the number
COVID-19 patients for the of COVID-19 patients for
past 3 months. the past 3 months
significantly differ
between genders .
Examples:
Descriptive Inferential
◦ A businessman wants ◦ The businessman wants
to know his profit for to estimate his profit
the past 6 months. for the next 6 months.
Examples:
Descriptive Inferential
◦ Dr. Reyes wants to ◦ Dr. Reyes wants to
identify her students’ conclude whether her
performances in Statistics students’ performance in
and Mathematics Statistics is significantly
respectively. related to their performance
in Mathematics.
Let’s Do These:
Identify the given statements as descriptive or inferential.
1. A prediction whether it will rain tomorrow or not. inferential
2. The average age of students in a statistics class over 22 descriptive
years.
inferential
3. Forecast of the direction of typhoon Ulysses.
4. A pie graph of number of students enrolled in online and descriptive
modular classes.
descriptive
5. A table presenting the number of passers per school in a
recently release board examination.
Population vs Sample
◦ Population - is the totality of elements under consideration
in a statistical investigation. The specific characteristic of
the population is described using the summary measure
called parameter.
◦ Sample - is a subset of a population. The specific
characteristic of the sample is described using the
summary measure called statistic.
Population vs Sample
Population Sample
◦ All students enrolled at ◦ Statistics major
Cebu Technological students enrolled at
University Cebu Technological
University
Population vs Sample
Population Sample
◦ All applicants of Senior ◦ Male applicants of
High School Senior High School
Population vs Sample
Population Sample
◦ All residents of ◦ DSWD 4P’s-recipient
Municipality of Argao residents of
Municipality of Argao.
Let’s Do These:
A factory overseer selects 40 threaded rods at
random from those produced that week at the
factory, then she tests their tensile strength.
Which of these is the appropriate population and sample to be
considered?
All threaded rods ever produced The threaded rods produced at
at the factory. the factory that week.
The threaded rods produced at All threaded rods ever produced
the factory that week. at the factory.
All threaded rods in the world. The 40 threaded rods selected.
A group of librarians is interested in the numbers of books and
other media that patrons check out from their library. They
examine the checkout records of 150 randomly selected adult
patrons.
Which of these is the appropriate population and sample to be
considered?
The population is all adult patrons of the library; the
sample is the 150 patrons selected.
The population is all patrons of the library; the
sample is the adult patrons of the library
The population is all patrons who check out at least 1
book from the library; the sample is the 150 patrons
selected.
Variables and Their
Classifications
◦ A variable is a characteristic,
description, or attribute of
persons or objects which assumes
different values or labels.
Classification of Variables
Qualitative Quantitative
◦ yields categorical responses. ◦ yields numerical responses
Answers, “what kind”. representing an amount or
quantity. Answers, “how much” or
◦ Example: civil status, religious “how many”.
affiliations, citizenship, etc. ◦ Example: no. of children in the
family, blood pressure,
temperature, etc.
Qualitative and quantitative variables may be further
subdivided:
Nominal
Qualitative
Ordinal
Variable
Discrete
Quantitative
Continuous
Classification of Quantitative Variables
(according to continuity of values)
Discrete Continuous
◦ pertains to the principle of ◦ assumes values which are associated
counting. with points on an interval of the
◦ No. of students number line.
◦ No. of patients ◦ Also pertains to the process of
measurement with corresponding
units.
◦ Height, weight, temperature, time, etc.
Classification of Quantitative Variables
(according to functional relationship)
Independent Dependent
◦ variable that stands alone ◦ variables that can be affected
◦ isn't changed by the other ◦ values that result from the
variables you are trying to independent variables
measure. ◦ Ex. A person’s weight maybe dependent
◦ Ex. someone's age might be an on what he/she eats
independent variable
According to scale of measurement:
◦ Nominal – A qualitative variable that categorizes (or describes, or names) an element of a
population.
- consist of categories in each of which the number of respective observations is
recorded. The categories are in no logical order and have no particular relationship.
The categories are said to be mutually exclusive since an individual, object, or measurement
can be included in only one of them.
◦ Ordinal – A qualitative variable that incorporates an ordered position, or ranking.
- contain more information. Consists of distinct categories in which order is
implied. Values in one category are larger or smaller than values in other categories (e.g.
rating-excellent, good, fair, poor)
◦ Interval – is a set of numerical measurements in which the distance between numbers is of a
known, constant size.
◦ Ratio – consists of numerical measurements where the distance between numbers is of a
known, constant size, in addition, there is a nonarbitrary zero point.
Four (4) Levels of Measurement
Nomina
l categorizing subjects into groups or categories
Ordinal ranked categorical data
Interval
numeric in nature and the distances any
two numbers are known.
Ratio numeric in nature and has an
absolute zero point.
Four (4) Levels of Measurement
Nomina
l Type of cars, gender of respondents
Ordinal Degree of effectiveness, satisfactory evaluation
Interval IQ score, temperature (Fahrenheit and
Celsius)
Ratio Profit or income, examination scores
Level of Measurement
Scale Legitimate Statistics
Nominal •Indicates a difference
Ordinal •Indicates a difference
•Indicates a direction of the difference (e.g.,
more than or less than)
Interval •Indicates a difference
•Indicates a direction of the difference
•Indicates the amount of difference (in equal
intervals)
Ratio •Indicates a difference
•Indicates a direction of the difference
•Indicates the amount of difference
•Indicates an absolute zero
Let’s Do These:
Discrete Nominal
Qualitative Continuous Ordinal
Quantitative (only when given is Interval
quantitative)
Classify the given as: Ratio
1. Number of siblings in
Quantitative Discrete Ratio
the family
2. Mobile Plate Number Qualitative NA Nominal
3. Performance in
Statistics Qualitative NA Ordinal
(BA, A, AA)
Let’s Do These:
Discrete Nominal
Qualitative Continuous Ordinal
Quantitative (only when given is Interval
quantitative)
Classify the given as: Ratio
4. Raw score in
Quantitative Discrete Ratio
Statistics
5. Combined Monthly Quantitative Continuous Ratio
Income of Family
6. Body temperature Quantitative Continuous Interval
Example: Identify each of the following as examples of
qualitative(attribute) or quantitative(numerical) variables:
1. The temperature in Baguio at 12:00 pm on any given day.
2. The brand of automobile driven by each faculty member.
3. Whether or not a 6 volt lantern battery is defective.
4. The weight of a lead pencil.
5. The length of time billed for a long distance telephone call.
6. The brand of cereal children eat for breakfast.
7. The type of book taken out of the library by an adult.
Example: Identify each of the following as examples of (1)
nominal, (2) ordinal, (3) discrete, or (4) continuous variables:
1. The length of time until a pain reliever begins to work.
2. The number of chocolate chips in a cookie.
3. The number of colors used in a statistics textbook.
4. The brand of refrigerator in a home.
5. The overall satisfaction rating of a new car.
6. The number of files on a computer’s hard disk.
7. The pH level of the water in a swimming pool.
8. The number of staples in a stapler.
