Lesson 1

Evolution to Computers
What is Computer?

• A computer is a programmable machine that

receives input, stores and manipulates data,
and provides output in a useful format.
 The word computer comes from the Latin
word “compute”, which means, “to calculate”
 Thereby, a computer is an electronic device
that can perform arithmetic operations at high
speed
•
What is Computer?
 What is Computer?
• Developed from 1942-1955
• Used of Vacuum tubes
-A vacuum tubes consist of a glass
bulb & wire
-The wire is used to carry data in
the form of electronic signals
• Very large, expensive & high
electricity consumption
What is Computer?
What is Computer?
What is Computer?
What is Computer?
What is Computer?
 10
TYPES OF COMPUTERS

 Supercomputers

 Mainframe Computer

 Mini-Computers

 Microcomputer
 11
TYPES OF COMPUTERS
Supercomputer

• Is highly sophisticated and powerful computer

that is used for tasks requiring extremely rapid
and complex calculations with hundreds of
thousands of variable factors.
• Used in many areas of scientific research,
weather prediction, satellite images, aircraft
design, nuclear weapon and so on.
 TYPES OF COMPUTERS 12

Mainframe Computer
• Traditional Types
of Computers
• First computers,
introduced in 1950s
• Very expensive
• Typically supported
100 to 500 users
• Used by government and large businesses.
• Used for very large processing tasks
12
 TYPES OF COMPUTERS 13

Minicomputers
• Traditional Types of
Computers
• Typically supported
10 to 100 users
• Smaller and less
expensive than
mainframes
• More powerful and
more expensive than
microcomputers.
• Similar to mainframes, they are used by business
and government to process large amounts of
information.
 TYPES OF COMPUTERS
14

Microcomputers
Known as Personal Computer (PC)

• are smaller and less powerful

than the others.
• self-contained computers with
their own CPUs
• Used by home and schools, small
businesses.
• Uses a microprocessor, a CPU
(Central Processing Unit) on a
single chip.

Continued…
14
 TYPES OF COMPUTERS

There are 3 main types of PCs

• Portable (Notebook/Laptop)
- smallest microcomputers

• Desktop
- compact microcomputer systems
that fit on a desk

• Workstation/Server
- largest type of microcomputer
 Capabilities of Computers
 Speed:
computer operates on data and commands at incredibly fast speed.
 Storage:
computer can store enormous amount of data and information in its
memory.
 Reliability:
computers made of modern technology rarely breakdown
and when they do, they are easily repaired.
 Consistent:
if you input the same data into the computer using the same program,
will give you the same result all the time.
 Communicate:
people can connect with others by the use of computers.
 Lesson 2

Components of a
Computer System
 Computer System
• A computer system is a
set of integrated devices
that input, output,
process, and store data
and information.
• A system of
interconnected
computers that share a
central storage system
and various peripheral
devices such as a
printers, scanners, or
routers.
 The Computer System Unit

• What are common components inside the system unit?

power supply drive bays

 Processor
 Memory processor
 Adapter cards
 Sound card
 Video card ports memory

 Ports
 Drive bays
 Power supply

sound card
video card
Elements/Parts of a Computer

• Hardware

• Software

20
Parts
Parts ofofa a Computer
Computer

Hardware

•The physical components that

make up a computer system.

•Hardware is basically anything

that you can touch with your
fingers. 21
Examples of Hardware
• Monitor
• Speakers
• Computer Case
• CPU (Pentium chip)
• Keyboard
• Mouse
• Printer
• Disk Drive
• Zip Drive
• CD-ROM
• DVD
• Hard Drive
• Memory (RAM)
• Modem
• Motherboard.
Hardware (Cont.)

• There are three types of devices/

categories of hardware

1. Input Devices
2. Output Devices
3. Storage Devices
 Input Devices
• Input basically means getting data into the
computer to be processed.

Ex.
Keyboard
Mouse
Microphone
Scanner
Bar Code Reader
Joystick
Touch Pad
Trackball
Light Pen
Touch Screen
 Output Devices

• Output basically means getting data out of the

computer.

Ex.
Monitor
Printer
Speakers
Fax
Headphones
 Storage Devices
• Storage devices are both input and output devices in one.
• Holds data, instructions, and information for future use
• A storage device is a place to keep data that has been
processed so that it can be retrieved at a later time to be used
again.

Ex.
Hard Disk
Floppy Disk
CD’s/DVD’s
Flash Memory
 Two Types of Storage
Devices
• Primary storage
– temporarily stores data and program instructions during
processing or the Storage for running programs and
current data
• Secondary storage
– devices store data and programs when they are not being
used in processing. Long-term program & data storage.
Primary Storage
• Primary storage is a category of computer
storage, often called main memory.

Three functions:
Stores all or part of the program that is
being executed.
Stores the operating system programs that
manage the operation of the computer.
Holds data that the program is using.
Types of primary storage
devices include:

– Random access memory (RAM)

• is used for short-term storage of data or program
instructions. RAM is volatile. Its contents will be lost
when the computer’s electric supply is disrupted by
a power outage or when the computer turned off.
– Read-only memory (ROM)
• can only be read from. It cannot be written to. ROM
chips come from the manufacturer with programs
already burned in, or stored. ROM is used in
general-purpose computers to store important or
frequently used programs, such as computing
routine for calculating the square roots of numbers.
Secondary Storage
• Secondary storage is used for relatively long term
storage of data outside the CPU.
• Secondary storage is nonvolatile and retains data
even when the computer is turned off.

• Ex. Floppy Disk

CD’s/DVD’s
Flash Memory
Parts of a Computer

Software

•The programs (instructions) that

tell the computer what task to
perform.

31
Two Types of Software

• Application Software

• System Software
Application Software

- Programs that work with operating system software to

help the computer to do specific types of work.
-Programs that people use for their day to day
tasks on the computer.

Examples:
word processors, spreadsheets, and database
programs, Photoshop, Filmora, Sony Vegas, Encarta,
Worldbook Encyclopedia, Solitair, Warcraft, Print shop,
Quicken
 System Software

- Refers to programs that the computer uses

and make the computer usable and
accessible to the developers and
programmers of applications software.

Examples:
DOS, Windows 95, 98, ME, NT, XP, Vista,
Windows 7,Unix, Linux, MAC system OS 6,7,8,9,10
 System Software (cont.)
Types of System Software:
• Operating System (OS)- is a program that enables the
computer hardware to communicate and operate with the
computer software. Basically responsible for the
coordination, management and sharing of hardware
resources and tasks in the computer.

• Utility Software- is a program that performs maintenance

tasks for the computer resources, such as clean up and
organizing files and programs so they would load and work
faster.

• Device Driver- is a program that allows a particular

hardware device to work and with the computer system.
 Assessment Task 1
• Use your imagination and think of 1 example
of input/output devices you’ve seen around
the school, around the CCSIT building,
supermarkets or in your barangays other than
ones found in a computer room. You will need
to explain where it is found and what its
purpose.

• Choose at least 1 example of application

software that you’ve like to use for your day to
day tasks on the computer. Explain.
Operating
System
 What is an Operating System (OS)
• An operating system (OS) is a
collection of software that
manages computer hardware
resources and provides common
services for computer programs.
• The operating system is a vital
component of the system
software in a computer system.
• It is a program that enables the
computer hardware to
communicate and operate with
the computer software. Basically
responsible for the coordination,
management and sharing of
hardware resources and tasks in
the computer.

•
 The Operating System
When you turn on the computer, the CPU
automatically begins executing instructions stored
in ROM. The operating system (OS) loads from the
disk into part of the system’s memory.

39
 The Operating System (cont.)
The OS loads the application program into memory
and remains in memory, so it can provide services
to the application program—display on-screen
menus, communicate with the printer,
and perform other common actions.

40
The Three Elements of an OS

• User Interface – The part of the OS that

you interface with.

• Kernel – The core of the OS. Interacts

with the BIOS (at one end), and the UI (at
the other end).

• File Management System – Organizes

and manages files.
 Functions of OS

• Providing a user
interface
• Running applications
• Support for built in
utility programs.
• Control to the
computer hardware
 Components of OS

• Process Management
• Memory management
• I/O Device management
• Network management
• Network services
• User Interface
 Types of OS

• Distinguished by the response time and

how data is entered into the system
 Single user
 Multi user
 Multitasking
 Multi processing /parallel system
 Distributed
 Real time(RTOS)
Types of Single-User

• Single user, Single Task

• Single user, Multitasking
Single-User, Single Task
• Designed to manage
the computer so that
one user can
effectively do one
thing at a time.

Example:
The Palm OS for Palm
handheld computers
Single-User, Multi Task
• Single user multi-
tasking OS allows user
to perform one or more
than one task at same
time

• Type of operating
system:
 most people use on
their desktop and laptop
computers today
Single-User, Multi Task Example

Microsoft Windows:
•Windows is a series of
operating systems developed
by Microsoft.
•Each version of Windows
includes a graphical user
interface, with a desktop that
allows users to view files and
folders in windows
Single-User, Multi Task Example
MacOS X:
•Mac OS is a line of operating systems created by Apple Inc.
•OS X is version 10 of the Apple Macintosh operating system.
•OS X was described by Apple as its first “complete revision” of
the OS since the previous version is OS 9.
• Written in C++ ,c, objective -C
 Lesson 3

Data Security
 Lesson 3

Introduction to
Automata Theory
What is Automata Theory?

• -Is an area of computer science that

deals with the study of abstract
machines (mathematical models) as
well as the computational problems
that can be solve using them.-
• The word automata,is the plural of
“Automaton” w/c means “something
that works automatically:.

52
Why we study Automata Theory
• It allows us to think systematically about what machine
do without going into hardware details.
• Learning of Language and Computational techniques.
• Designing of theoretical models for machine
• Course Requirement
A
al/ ma bstra
t
en cts ch ct
m ine
u nda subje s
F re
Co

State
 (A pioneer of automata theory)

Alan Turing (1912-1954)

• Father of Modern
Computer Science
• English mathematician
• Studied abstract machines
called Turing machines
even before computers
existed
• Heard of the Turing test?

54
Theory of Computation: A
Historical Perspective

1930s • Alan Turing studies Turing machines

• Decidability
• Halting problem

1940-1950s • “Finite automata” machines studied

• Noam Chomsky proposes the
“Chomsky Hierarchy” for formal
languages

1969 Cook introduces “intractable” problems

or “NP-Hard” problems

1970- Modern computer science: compilers,

computational & complexity theory evolve 55
Languages & Grammars
• Languages: “A language
Or “words”
is a collection of
sentences of finite length
all constructed from a
finite alphabet of symbols”
• Grammars: “A grammar
can be regarded as a
device that enumerates
the sentences of a
language” - nothing more,
nothing less

• N. Chomsky, Information
and Control, Vol 2, 1959

56
Image source: Nowak et al. Nature, vol 417, 2002
The Chomsky Hierarchy
• A containment hierarchy of classes of
formal languages

Regular Context-
(DFA) free Context-
Recursively-
(PDA) sensitive
enumerable
(LBA)
(TM)

57
The Central Concepts
of Automata Theory

58
Alphabet
An alphabet is a finite, non-empty set of
symbols
• We use the symbol ∑ (Greek letter sigma) to
denote an alphabet
• Examples:
– Binary: ∑ = {0,1}
// important as this is the language
//which the computer understands.
– All lower case letters: ∑ = {a,b,c,..z}
– Alphanumeric: ∑ = {a-z, A-Z, 0-9}
– DNA molecule letters: ∑ = {a,c,g,t}
59
Strings
A string or word is a finite sequence of
symbols chosen from ∑ or from alphabet.
• Empty string is  (or “epsilon”)

• Length of a string w, denoted by “|w|”, is

equal to the number of (non- ) characters in the
string
– E.g., x = 010100 |x| = 6
– x = 01  0  1  00  |x| = ?

– xy = concatenation of two strings x and y

60
Language

Language is the set of all strings of

terminal symbols derivable from
alphabet.
What is Automata Theory?