Automobile Engines

Function of Automobile Engines

“Engine is the
Source of Power
for Automobiles”
Engine

An engine is a device which transforms one form of energy

into other form.

An engine is a machine that produces mechanical force and

motion from another form of energy. The chemical energy of
fuel is first transferred to thermal energy & then to
mechanical energy.

It is also referred to as a prime mover.

This power is transmitted to the wheels of the vehicle with
the help of transmission system having different components.
Engine Classification

Heat engine

Internal External
Combustion Combustion
engine engine

Rotary Reciprocating Reciprocating Rotary

Open cycle Wankle Steam Stirling Steam Closed cycle

Gas turbine
Petrol Diesel gas turbine
engine engine engine turbine
Classification of Engines based on of Cylinder arrangement

As per the number and arrangement of cylinder

INLINE

Here all the cylinders of the engine

are in a straight line. This is the most
popular type of engine in India.

The Engine is usually placed

vertically or in some rarer cases kept
leaning at an angle.
Classification of Engines based on of Cylinder arrangement

As per the number and arrangement of cylinder

V-ENGINE
The cylinders arranged in two banks
connected to the same crankshaft.
Different angles are used between
the cylinder banks.
V engines offer the car to have more
with a shorter
cylinders
bonnet length, giving better
road visibility.
V engines are well balanced, smooth
and quiet in operation.
Classification of Engines based on of Cylinder arrangement

As per the number and arrangement of cylinder

FLAT / HORIZONTALLY OPPOSED / BOXER ENGINE

A Boxer engine is a ‘V’ engine

with an angle between the
cylinder banks of 180°.

The pistons look like a boxers

fists going back and forth hence
named as boxer engine.
This design is used in SUV for
better weight balancing. [ Sports
Utility Vehicle ]
Classification of Engines based on of Fuel type

Based on Type of Fuel

• Petrol

• Diesel
Classification of Engines based on strokes

Based on Number of Strokes per Cycle

• Two Stroke

• Four Stroke
Four Stroke Engines
In four stroke, engine develops power stroke in two revolution of
the crankshaft. In other words induction, compression, power and
exhaust are completed in four strokes.

Stroke Petrol Diesel

air & fuel enter
Intake only air enter cylinder
cylinder
air & fuel are
Compression only air is compressed
compressed
spark plug fires, Injector sprays, fuel
Power
ignites fuel. ignites.
burnt gases are burnt gases are
Exhaust expelled from the expelled from the
engine engine
WORKING OF FOUR
STROKE ENGINE

CYCLES OF
DIESEL ENGINE
Working of four stroke engine DIESEL ENGINE

CYCLES OF DIESEL ENGINE

SUCTION / INTAKE STROKE

In petrol engine, a mixture of air

and fuel is fed in the chamber, but
Air Exhaust
in diesel engine only air is fed in intake gas

the chamber during suction stroke.

When the piston starts moving

downwards, i.e. from T.D.C TO
B.D.C, the inlet valve opens and
the air is sucked in .

At the end of the stroke the inlet Suction

valve closes.
Working of four stroke engine DIESEL ENGINE

CYCLES OF DIESEL ENGINE

COMPRESSION STROKE

When the piston starts moving

upwards i.e. from B.D.C to T.D.C Air Exhaust
intake gas
the air in the cylinder gets
compressed.

The compressed air achieves a

temperature in between 500° C to
650° C.

The self ignition temperature of

the diesel fuel is 400° C. Compression
Working of four stroke engine DIESEL ENGINE

CYCLES OF DIESEL ENGINE

POWER STROKE

At the end of compression

stroke , the diesel is sprayed in Air Exhaust
gas
fine atomized form to the intake

burning hot air.

The atomized fuel in hot air gets

ignited , making gases to expand
and thus giving power stroke .

This stroke produces engine

power which helps in moving Power
the car.
Working of four stroke engine DIESEL ENGINE

CYCLES OF DIESEL ENGINE

EXHAUST STROKE

In this stroke, the exhaust valve Air Exhaust

opens when the piston starts intake gas

moving upwards i.e. from B.D.C

to T.D.C.

Due to the upward movement of

the piston, the burnt gases are
pushed out.

Exhaust
Working of four stroke engine

Four stroke Engine

1.Suction
2.Compression
3. Power
4. Exhaust
TYPES OF DIESEL ENGINE
BASED ON INJECTION
SYSTEM
Classification of Engines based on INJECTION SYSTEM

DIRECT INJECTION

Here the burning is more uniform.

The advantages of this are:

 The power developed is high.
 The efficiency is high.
 The emissions are low.

However there are some drawbacks, these are

 The sound levels & vibrations are generally higher.

 DIFFERENCES
BETWEEN PETROL &
DIESEL ENGINE
ENGINE DIFFERENCES (PETROL & DIESEL
ENGINE)

Petrol Diesel
Differences
Engines Engines
Compression Ratio (e.g.) 10:1 22:1
Ignition Spark Compression
Construction Light Heavy
Glow Plug Not Available Available
Vibrations Less More
Fuel Economy (km/litre) Less More
Important terms related to an Engine
Top Dead
Centre
TOP DEAD CENTER (TDC)

When the piston reaches its topmost position in

the cylinder, that position is called Top Dead
Center (TDC).

BOTTOM DEAD CENTER (BDC)

When the piston reaches its lowest position in

the cylinder, that position is called Bottom Dead
Center (BDC).
Bottom
Dead Centre
Important terms related to an Engine

Bore
It is the Internal
diameter of the
liner.
Stroke
Length from BDC
to TDC.
Important terms related to an Engine
Stroke – bore ratio (D) Dia. of Bore
Stroke-bore ratio
The stroke-bore ratio is the TDC
ratio of stroke to bore. If the
stroke “L” of the piston is (L) Length
greater than the bore “D” of of Stroke

the cylinder, this is referred to

as a long-stroke engine (L/D > BDC
1); the other way around, is a
short stroke engine (L/D < 1).
L=D is called square engine.
In diesel engines, the stroke is
C y lin d e r B l o c k

usually greater than the bore.

Important terms related to an Engine

Swept Volume
Volume swept by
piston from BDC to
TDC.
Clearance Volume
Volume above the
piston crown when
the piston is at TDC.
Important terms related to an Engine

COMPRESSION RATIO TDC

Compression Ratio compares the Swept

Volume
volume of air in Cylinder before (Vs)
Compression with volume of air BDC
after compression.
C y li n d e r B l oc k

Clearance
volume
TDC (Vc)

Compression Ratio
for petrol Engine : 8 ~ 10
for Diesel Engine : 15 ~ 24 C y lin d e r B l oc k
Thank You
Engine have following sub - systems

Engine sub systems

i Cooling system
ii Air Intake system
iii Lubrication system
iv Fuel system
v Exhaust system
vi Starting system
Purpose of the Cooling System

“Keep the engine at its most

efficient operating temperature
at all speeds and under all
operating conditions”
ENGINE COOLING

Only a part of the total fuel energy supplied to the

internal combustion engine is converted into useful
work. The work is delivered at the crankshaft and
rest of the fuel energy is rejected as follows:
Heat from the engine boundaries due to
i radiation, convection, and to a small extent,
conduction.
ii Exhaust heat.
iii Heat rejected to coolant.
ENGINE COOLING
The exact proportion of the energy supplied to the engine
(as fuel), which is converted into useful work is critically
influenced by many physical characteristics of the engine
such as engine design, type of the fuel used, cooling
system, etc.
The exact amount of heat to the coolant varies and
depends upon many design and operating variables of
the engine.
Whatever may the exact amount of the heat carried away
by the coolant be, it must be noted that it is a dead loss
because not only no useful work can be obtained from it,
but a part of engine power is also used to remove this
heat. Therefore, it goes without saying, that this heat loss
must be kept minimum by the designer.
 COOLING system Purpose
To keep the engine at its most efficient operating
temperature at all engine speed / load and under
all operating condition.

It is 80°C – 90°C for Liquid cooled system &

110°C – 115°C for Air-cooled engine.

Running the engine above these temperatures will

result in overheating & seizure of the engine. At
the same time running the engine below these
temperatures will result in lower efficiency & faster
wear.
Lubricating System of Swift-D engine
 Why do we use Lubricants ?
A lubricant is any material that has the effect of reducing
friction. By reducing friction, we reduce heat, noise
and most importantly wear.

REDUCE FRICTION

Reduce Heat Reduce Wear Reduce Noise

Other Functions of a Lubricant

Protects Cools Contains

Cleans Seals
4 stroke cycle Diesel engine

Four-stroke cycle

Induction Compression Power Exhaust

Induction
Compression

Typical
passenger car
diesel engines
have
compression
ratios in a range
from 15:1 to 24:1
Fuel Injection
Fundamental Difference – Petrol & Diesel

PETROL DIESEL
Typically external Always internal mixture
mixture formation formation
Additional ignition No additional ignition
system needed system needed
Output controlled by Output controlled by
mixture quantity fuel quantity
Air quantity in
Air quantity in
combustion chamber
combustion chamber
remains almost
determined by throttle
constant
Fuel Injection Pumps

• Centrally located pump

– Cam operated in-line plunger type
– Rotary distributor type

• Injectors with cam operated

plunger type

• Common rail direct injection

Important terms related to an Engine

Power (BHP)

Brake Horse Power (BHP) is the unit of measuring power,

developed by an engine. Power is a measure of how
quickly work can be done (moving the car).

“It is the actual power delivered at the flywheel of the

engine” .

Power (BHP) of the engine depends on its torque and

engine speed (RPM).

The higher the BHP, the more powerful an engine is.

Important terms related to an Engine
PS

PS (Pferde Starke) is a German term for Horse Power a

different unit of measurement of power developed by
the engine.

1 Metric hp = 1 PS = 0.986 bhp

We can say an engine developing 100 PS is equivalent to

98.6 bhp.

In Indian Market all the manufacturers use unit of PS or

Metric Horsepower to indicate engine power.
Important terms related to an Engine

Horsepower
This is the unit of power. Power is rate of
doing work. This defines how fast a tractor
can do the work.

HP = British Horse Power = 746 watts.

PS = Metric Horse Power = 735.5 watts.

PS : Pferde Starke {German}

1 HP = 1.014 PS
1 PS = 0.985 HP
Important terms related to an Engine

Drawbar Horsepower or Pull

Drawbar horsepower is the power available at
the drawbar of the tractor after reduction of
horsepower due to losses at various stages, and
is much less than the claimed horsepower.
This is the power transmitted by the tractor to the
implement.
PTO Horsepower or Pull
PTO horsepower is the power available at the
PTO of the tractor after reduction of horsepower
due to losses at various stages, and is much less
than the claimed horsepower.
Important terms related to an Engine

C C : It represents the volume of combustion

chamber in cubic centimeters
1000 cc = 1 liter.
Calculate the cc of the following engines

 Engine Bore Stroke Number of Cylinder

475DI 88.9 mm 110 mm 4
455DI 94 mm 115 mm 3
FMW 100 100 mm 110 mm 1
Thank You