20MEG01 Engineering Graphics

Module 2

Prepared by:
M. Sundra Pandian, M.E., M.B.A.
Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical
Engineering,
Sri Ramakrishna Institute of Technology, Coimbatore - 10
 Syllabus
Projection of Points, Lines and Plane Surfaces
(Module 2)
Projection of points – Projection of straight
lines (only First angle projections) inclined to
both the principal planes – Determination of
true lengths and true inclinations by rotating
line method and trapezoidal method and
traces – Projection of planes (polygonal and
circular surfaces) inclined to both the
principal planes by rotating object method.
 Introduction
A point may be situated, in space, in any one of the four quadrants
formed by the two principal planes of projection or may lie in any one
or both of them.
 Introduction
Its projections are obtained by extending projectors perpendicular
to the planes.

V
P
V
P
y x y

x
H
P H
Reference Line P
 Introduction
Its projections are obtained by extending projectors perpendicular
to the planes.

Quadrant II Quadrant I
Above HP & Above HP &
Behind VP In front of VP

H
P
Quadrant III Quadrant IV
Below HP & Below HP
Behind VP In front of VP
V
P
 Introduction
A point may be situated, in space, in any one of the four quadrants
formed by the two principal planes of projection or may lie in any one
or both of them.
Its projections are obtained by extending projectors perpendicular
to the planes.
One of the planes is then rotated so that the first and third
quadrants are opened out.
The projections are shown on a flat surface in their respective
positions either above or below or in xy
 Projections of Points
Let the point “A” be on the first quadrant at a height of ‘h’
mm from the ground or Horizontal plane, H.P and at a distance of ‘y’
mm in front of the wall or vertical plane or V.P.
Lets draw the projections of the point A.

It is noted that the point is in

Quadrant 1.
Drawing the perpendicular projector
to the ground from the point A, the
projectors hits the H.P. at the point a
and similarly the V.P at a’.
 Projections of Points
Let the point “A” be on the first quadrant at a height of ‘h’
mm ABOVE the ground or Horizontal plane, H.P and at a distance of
‘y’ mm IN FRONT OF the wall or vertical plane or V.P.
• The point will always be denoted in
lowercase letter.
• Elevation or Front view or F.V should
always be indicated with an apostrophe
( ‘ ).
• Plan or Top view or T.V should always
be indicated with the lowercase letter
without apostrophe ( ‘ ).
 Projections of Points
It can be noted that if a point lies in the 1st quadrant, the elevation
or F.V will always be above the reference line x y and its plan or top
view will always be below the reference line.
 Exercise
A point A is 50 mm above the ground and 60 mm in front of V.P.
Draw its projections. a’

Above HP – Above x y
F.
V 50 Below HP – Below x y
In front of VP – Below x y
Behind VP – Above x y
x y

HP dimension – F.V. – Have

T. 60
‘
V
VP dimension – T.V. – No ‘
a
 Projections of Points
Similarly let us consider a point in 3rd quadrant.
The point will be BELOW the H.P and Behind the V.P.
 Projections of Points
It can be noted that if a point lies in the 3rd quadrant, the
elevation or F.V will always be below the reference line x y and its
plan or top view will always be above the reference line, just the vice-
versa of quadrant 1.
 Exercise
A point C is 40 mm below the ground and 30 mm behind V.P. Draw
c
its projections.
T.
V 30

x y
HP dimension – F.V. – Have
‘
F. 40
VP dimension – T.V. – No ‘
V

c’
Comparison of Projections of Points in Quadrants 1 and 3

Quadrant 1 Quadrant 3

Note:

A point denoted by an alphabet alone is the T.V or plan and the same
alphabet along with an apostrophe ( ‘ ) is the F.V or elevation.
 Projections of Points
Let us consider a point in 2nd quadrant.
The point will be ABOVE the H.P and Behind the V.P.
 Projections of Points
It can be noted that if a point lies in the 2n quadrant, the elevation
or F.V will always be above the reference line x y and its plan or top
view will also be always above the reference line.
 Exercise
A point B is 40 mm above the ground and 50 mm behind V.P. Draw
its projections.
b
T.
V b’

50
F. 40
V

x y
 Projections of Points
Let us consider a point in 4th quadrant.
The point will be BELOW the H.P and IN FRONT OF the V.P.
 Projections of Points
It can be noted that if a point lies in the 2n quadrant, the elevation
or F.V will always be above the reference line x y and its plan or top
view will also be always above the reference line.
 Exercise
A point D is 50 mm below H.P. and 30 mm in front of V.P. Draw its
projections.

x y

T.
30
V
50

d
F.
V d’
Comparison of Projections of Points in Quadrants 2 and 4

Quadrant 2 Quadrant 4

Note:

A point denoted by an alphabet alone is the T.V or plan and the same
alphabet along with an apostrophe ( ‘ ) is the F.V or elevation.
 Exercise
1. Draw the projections of the following points.
i. P is 40 mm above HP and 30mm in front of VP.
ii. Q is 30 mm above HP and 40 mm behind VP.
iii. R is 20 mm below HP and 35 mm behind VP.
iv. S is 30 mm below HP and 40 mm in front of VP
P’ q r

q’ 40
40
30 35

x y
20
30 30
40
r’ s’
P
s
 Exercise
1. Draw the projections of the following points.
i. A is 50 mm above HP and 40mm behind VP.
ii. B is 35 mm below HP and 50 mm behind VP.
iii. C is 20 mm above HP and 35 mm in front of VP.
iv. D is 40 mm below HP and 50 mm in front of VP.
v. E is 35 mm in front of VP and on HP.
vi. F is on VP and 40 mm above HP.
vii. G is on both HP and VP.
viii. H is 35 mm below HP and on VP.

ix. I is 30 mm behind VP and on HP.

x. J is 40 mm in front of VP and on HP.
 Projection of Lines
Line is defined as the connector between two points in space.

If the connector distance is the shortest then, it is the straight line.

Point Line

Curve

Compound Line
 Projection of Lines

Like the points is different quadrants, we will discuss about the

lines in different positions and its projections.

The projections will all be in the first quadrant or first angle

projections..
 Line is Parallel to one or both planes
The line will either be parallel to Horizontal Plane (H.P) or
Vertical Plane (V.P.) to both planes (H.P & V.P)

The projections will all be in the first quadrant or first angle

projection as shown in the fig. below.
 Line is Parallel to one or both planes
The actual or original or true length will always be shown in the
plane to which the line is parallel to.

The True length (T.L) will be the actual length of line which is
always shown only in the plane where the line is parallel.
So if the line is parallel to HP the top view or plan will show the
original length .
If the line is parallel to the VP, the true length will be shown or
can be measured from the front view or elevation.
If the line is parallel to both HP and VP, the true length is shown
in both the Front and Top views.
 Exercise – Line Parallel to both H.P & V.P
1. Draw the projections of a 75 mm long straight line, if it is parallel
to both the H.P. and the V.P. and 25 mm from each.

V 25
P B

A y 25

x
H
P
Reference Line
 Exercise – Line Parallel to both H.P & V.P
1. Draw the projections of a 75 mm long straight line AB, if it is
parallel to both the H.P. and the V.P. and 25 mm from each.
F
75
V
a’ b’

25 25

x y

25

T
a b
Note: V
Parallel to VP – F.V True Length
Parallel to HP – TV True length
 Exercise – Line contained in one or both planes.
The line will be lying in either H.P or V.P or both (in the
intersection of both planes i.e., at the reference line x-y).

V
P D
H y
P C
F

E
A B
x
Exercise – Line contained in H.P & Inclined to V.P
Either the inclination angle will be given or the distance of each
end (e.g. A and B) of the line from the V.P will be given.

V
P
H
P b’ y
a’
x
ø°
A
B

Reference Line
 Exercise – Line in H.P & Inclined to V.P
1. Draw the projections of an 80 mm long straight line AB, if it is
contained in H.P. and the end A is 25 mm and end B is 50 mm from
V.P.

a’ P. L = ? b’
x y

25

50 a

T. L = 80

b
 Exercise – Line in H.P & Inclined to V.P
1. Draw the projections of a 80 mm long straight line AB, if it is
contained in H.P. The point A is 25 mm in front of V.P. and the line is
inclined at 30° to V.P.

a’ P. L = ? b’
x y

25

30°
a
T. L = 80

b
Exercise – Line contained in V.P & Inclined to H.P
Either the inclination angle will be given or the distance of each
end (e.g. A and B) of the line from the V.P will be given.

H
A y
P °
x

V
Reference Line P
 Exercise – Line in V.P & Inclined to H.P
1. Draw the projections of a 70 mm long straight line CD, if it is
contained in V.P. and the end A is 30 mm and end B is 60 mm above
H.P. d’

T. L = 70

c’
60

30

x y
c P. L = ? d
 Exercise – Line in V.P & Inclined to H.P
1. Draw the projections of a 60 mm long straight line CD, if it is
contained in V.P. The point C is 30 mm above H.P. and the line is
inclined at 45° to H.P. b’

T. L = 60

a’ 45°

30

x y
a P. L = ? b
 Exercise – Line Parallel to H.P & Perpendicular to V.P

Either the inclination angle will be given or the distance of each

end (e.g. A and B) of the line from the V.P will be given.

VP
E
ø°
F
y
d
x
HP
 Exercise – Line Parallel to one plane & incline to another
1. Draw the projections of a 50 mm long straight line AB, if it is
parallel to H.P. and inclined to V.P. at 30°. The point A is 20 mm
above HP and 30mm in front of VP.
a’ P. L = ?
b’
20

x y

30

a 30°

T. L = 50
T. L = 50
b
 Line Parallel to one plane & Perpendicular to another
The projection will be true length will be shown in the plane
where the line is parallel.
The projection of the line will be a point in the plane where it is
perpendicular.
B
25 25

H A
H
P y P y
B A
25
x x 25

Reference Line
V V
P P
 Line Parallel to one plane & Perpendicular to another
Case 1:- Case 2:-
The line is parallel to HP The line is parallel to VP
and perpendicular to VP. and perpendicular to HP.

a’ (b’) b’

x a’
y
a x y

b a (b)
 Exercise – To find the True Length (T.L)

E.g: The top view of a line, parallel to V.P and inclined 45 ° to the
H.P is 50 mm. One end of the line is 20 mm above H.P and 30 mm
in front of V.P. Draw the projections and find the true length of
the line.
In these kind of problems, the location of the points, angle of
inclination and the projected length will be given and the true
length of the line will be required.

So the projected length is drawn and the true or original length

of the line will be derived from it in the reverse drawing method
as followed in the previous problems.
 Exercise – Finding the True Length (T.L.)
b’
T.L. = ….

a’ 45°

20
x y

30

a 50 b
Exercise – To find the True Length (T.L) & Inclination
1. The front view of a 75 mm long line measures 55 mm. The line
is parallel to H.P and one end is in V.P. and 25 mm above H.P.
Draw the projections of the line and its inclination to V.P.

a’ 55 b’

25
x y
a Ø=…

R = T.L. = 75
b
 Line Inclined to both planes
In this case the line will be inclined to H.P at an angle of ‘’

and inclined to V.P at an angle of ‘ø’.

So the true length can be readily available in any plane to

project to the other plane.
ø° V.P
VP Inclination
B
A
HP

1 ° H.P
Inclination
 Exercise – Line Inclined to Both Planes
1. Draw the projections of a 80 mm long straight line GH, if it is
inclined at 45° to H.P. and 30° to V.P. The point G is 15 mm above HP
and 20 mm in front of V.P.

Hint: H.P Dimension & angle – Above x-y

V.P Dimension & angle – Below x-y

Whenever a line is inclined to a plane, the true length

can’t be measured from the projections.
 (Given angle of Inclinations , ø and Position of one end)
1. Draw the projections of a 80 mm long straight line, if it is inclined
at 45° to H.P. and 30° to V.P. One end is 15 mm above HP and 20 mm
in front of V.P. b’

8 0
. =
T.L

a’ 45°

15
x y
Method:
• First assume the line is inclined to H.P. and parallel to V.P.
Draw the front view. Then assume the line is inclined to
V.P. and parallel to H.P.
• Then the original length of the line will be projected in the
front view.
(Given angle of Inclinations , ø and Position of one end)
Path or
b2’ b’ Locus of b’

8 0
. =
… T.L
. =
.P L

=…
a’ 45° b1’
Path or
Locus of a’
15
x y
20
b1 Path or
a 30° Locus of a
=…
T.L.
P.L = 80
.=
…
Path or
b2 b Locus of b
 (Given Positions of both ends
To find the angle of inclinations )
1. Draw the projections of a 70 mm long straight line, having its left
end 20 mm above H.P. and 25 mm in front of V.P. and the right end is
40 mm above the H.P. and 50 mm in front of V.P. Draw the
projections and find the inclinations of the line.
Method:
• First assume the line is inclined to H.P. and parallel to V.P.
Draw the front view. Then assume the line is inclined to
V.P. and parallel to H.P.
• Then the original or true inclinations of the line will be
determined in the reverse method as used in the previous
problem.
• When the lines are extended they meet the H.P and or the
V.P. This extended meeting point is called the trace
 (Given Position of both ends
To find angle of Inclinations  and ø)

b2’’ b’ R = T.L. = 70
Path of b’
40
Path of a’ a’ ° = …
° = …
20 b1’’
x y
25
b
Path of a
a ° = …
ø° = …
50

Path of b
b1 b2
R = T.L. = 70
 Projection of Planes or Surfaces
Planes are 2 dimensional figures having only
length and width and no thickness.
Planes Perpendicular
VP
to both HP & VP
c’ (d’) D

b’(a’) y
HP A

d (a)
x B

c (b)
 Planes Perpendicular to both planes
Ex. Draw the projections of a square plane of 30
mm side when it is perpendicular to both the planes.
The plane is 20 mm above HP and 15 mm in front V

of VP.
P

c’ (d’) D

c’ (d’)
C

30 H
b’ (a’) y
A
P

b’ (a’) x
d (a)
B

20
x
c

y
(b
)

15
d (a)
30

c (b)
Planes Parallel to one plane and
Perpendicular to another
VP

c’(d’)
b’(a’) D
y
HP A
C
d
x B
a
c
b
 Planes Perpendicular to both planes
Ex. Draw the projections of a rectangular plane 40
mm X 30 mm when it is parallel to HP and
perpendicular to VP. The plane is 20 mm above HP
and 30 mm in front
40 of VP.
b’ (a’) c’ (d’) V
P

c (d

20
’ ’)
b (a
’) D
’

x
y

y H
A
P C
d

30 x
a
B

a d b

30

b c
Planes Parallel to one plane and
Perpendicular to another
c’
d’
C
D

b’
a’ B y
HP A
b
x a

VP
 Planes Parallel to one plane and
Perpendicular to another
Ex. Draw the projections of a square plane of 25
mm side when it is parallel to VP and perpendicular
to HP. The plane is 20 mm above HP and 30 mm in
front of VP. d’ c’

25

a’ b’
20
x y
30

d (a) c (b)
 Planes Perpendicular to one plane and
Inclined to another
VT
VP
c’
Ø
d’
C

D
b’
B y
a’
A
c (b)
x HT
d (a)
HP
Planes Perpendicular to one plane and
Inclined to another
 Planes Perpendicular to one plane and
Inclined to another
Ex. A regular pentagon of 30 mm side has one side
on the ground. Its plane is inclined at 45° to HP and
perpendicular to VP. Draw its projection and show
its traces. Note: When the
C
information of a side of
D the polygon is mentioned,
HP start drawing with a
B
E
Vertical line.
45°
A
If the information given is
VP
about one corner of the
polygon,draw the polygon
 Drawing a Pentagon
D
72° 30
72°
E
30

30 C

30
A
72°
72° 30
B
Ex. A regular pentagon of 30 mm side has one side
on the ground. Its plane is inclined at 45° to the HP
and perpendicular to the VP. Draw its projection and
c1’
show its traces. b1’ (d1’)
VT
a’ (e’) b’ (d’) c’ a1’ (e1’) 45°
x y
d1
d
e
e1 c1
HT c
a a1
b b1
Note: * Imagine the pentagon is parallel /
contained in HP.
 Drawing a Hexagon
• Ex. A regular hexagon of 30 mm side has one
corner touching the VP. Its plane is inclined at 30°
to the VP and perpendicular to the HP. Draw its
projection and show its traces.
E D

30
30
60° 60°
F
C

30
30

60° 90° 90° 60°

30 B
A
Ex. A regular hexagon of 30 mm side has one corner
touching the VP. Its plane is inclined at 30° to the
VP and perpendicular to the HP. Draw its projection
and show its traces.
e’ d’ e1’ d1’

f1’ c1’
f’ c’ VT

a’ b’ a1’ b1’
x f1 30° y
f e(a) d(b) c e1(a1)
d (b ) c1
HT 1 1
Ex. Draw the projections of a 60 mm diameter
circle resting on the HP on one of point on its
circumference. The diameter containing that point is
inclined at 45° to HP and 30° to VP.
6
e1’
3 d1’
2 c1’
b1’
a’ b’(h’) c’(g’) d’(f’) e’ a1’ 45°
x y
g g1
h f h1 f1 h1 g1
e a1 e1 a1 f1
1 a 30°
b1 e1 5
b d b1 d1
c c1 c1 d1
4
 g1

g1

a1
a1 e1

e1

b1 d1
c1
c1
Q&A