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Qubit

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76 views17 pages

Qubit

Uploaded by

Saumya Kumari
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Qubit

• data is represented by a single


atom that is in one of two
states denoted by |0> and
|1>. A single bit of this
form is known as a qubit
• A single qubit can be forced
into a superposition of the
two states as well.
How does it work?
Quantum Circuits
Example Circuit
One-qubit Two-qubit
operation operation Measurement

| N | | ‘1’
0 1 CNOT 1
| | ‘1’
〉 〉 〉 1
0
| 〉 〉
01 0
〉0 0
1 0 0
0
0 0 0 0
0 0
1 1
0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1 CNOT =
σx  I = 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 1
0 0 1 0
Quantum Computing Circuits

Transpilation
Quantum Amplitude Amplification

Amplification of amplitude using probabilistic technique

Primarily used in Grover search algorithm to find out a data item from unsorted
database in polynomial time within O(√N) iterations

Hadamard transform are applied on all qubits followed by performing ORACLE


diffusion operator iteratively
Quantum MachineLearning
Use of Quantum Machine Learning in Industries

• Financial pricing prediction - Finance

• Resource Utilization prediction – Logistics, Manufacturing

• Weather forecasting – Government, Agriculture

• Grid optimization for renewable energy - Energy

• Automated trading - Finance


Quantum Development Life Cycle
• Unfolding mysteries and leading to revolutionary breakthroughs in quantum computing are often challenged
by lack of research and development potential in developing qubits with longer coherence interval, scaling
qubit count, incorporating quantum error correction to name a few.
• Lack of definitive steps in building up a quantum enabled customized computing stack.
• Difference in behavioral pattern of underlying system, early-stage noisy device, implementation barriers
and performance metric cause hindrance in full adoption of existing classical SDLC suites for
quantum product development.
• We need to devise systematic and cost-effective techniques to quantum software development through a
Quantum Development Life Cycle (QDLC) model, specifying the distinguished features and functionalities
of quantum analogous to classical SDLC stages.

• Proposed Approach : “QUANTUM WATERFALL MODEL”


• Quantum feasibility study, quantum requirement specification, quantum system design, quantum
software implementation and coding, quantum system testing and quantum system maintenance
and quantum software quality management (QSQM).
Quantum Kernel
(Concentric circles) Consider a dataset of
two2- dimensional concentric circles.
- which is impossible to separate by a linear
decision boundary

Data points of two classes arranged as concentric circles


in the 2-d plane cannot be separated by a linear
decision boundary (left), but the feature map from
projects the data onto a square cone in 3 dimensions
allows them to be divided by a hyperplane

Ref:Maria Schuld, Francesco Petruccione -


Supervised Learning with Quantum
Computers-Springer (2018)
Feature maps
- Are closely connected to kernel functions that are used to compute a similarity
between feature vectors in a new feature space.

- The prime example is the support-vector machine (SVM) which is a successful machine
learning estimator framework based on an efficient implementation of implicit feature
mapping using a kernel function.

- The kernel function is implemented as a function of the inner product of the base data
vectors, rather than a function of explicitly transformed feature vectors, in what is
called the "kernel trick".

- Quantum feature maps are an integral component in some QML that can be used in SVM
(typically called QSVM) and a variety of kernel-based estimators; variational quantum
algorithms and quantum neural networks.

- The goal QML is to discover quantum models that are capable of finding patterns in
data that are intractable to model using classical methods, leading to quantum
advantage (Biamonte 2018, Liu 2021).

- A step in this direction is to find quantum feature maps and kernels that are
inefficient to compute classically and are required for high model performance on
data patterns of sufficient complexity (Havlicek 2018).

IB Quantum / © 2021 IBM


M Corporation
IBM Quantum / © 2020 IBM
Corporation 13
IBM Quantum / © 2021 IBM
Corporation
Stages of
“Quantum
Development
Life Cycle
(QDLC)”

ey, M.Ghosh, S.S. Kundu, & A. Chakrabarti, (2020). QDLC - The Quantum Development Life Cycle. ArXiv, abs/2010.08053.
Future Direction
Thank You!

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