CENTRAL PROCESSING

UNIT(CPU)
Name: Safwan Zulfazli Bin Abdul Kadir

Faaiz Bin Fadzil

Mohd Nabiil Bin Mohd Asharee

Muhd Affiq Zaini

Class: 2 Hemah…

Teacher: En Faizal
 CENTRAL PROCESSING
UNIT(CPU)

•The Central Processing Unit (CPU) or the processor is the portion of

a computer system that carries out the instructions of a 
computer program, and is the primary element carrying out the
computer's functions
•This term has been in use in the computer industry at least since the
early 1960s
• The form, design and implementation of CPUs have changed
dramatically since the earliest examples, but their fundamental operation
remains much the same.
•Early CPUs were custom-designed as a part of a larger, sometimes one-
of-a-kind, computer
 The IC has allowed increasingly complex CPUs to be
designed and manufactured to tolerances on the order of 
nanometers
 Both the miniaturization and standardization of CPUs have
increased the presence of these digital devices in modern life
far beyond the limited application of dedicated computing
machines
 Modern microprocessors appear in everything from 
automobiles to cell phones and children's toys.
 However, this costly method of designing custom CPUs for
a particular application has largely given way to the
development of mass-produced processors that are made for
one or many purposes
 This standardization trend generally began in the era of
discrete transistor mainframes and minicomputers and has
rapidly accelerated with the popularization of the 
integrated circuit (IC)
 Microprocessors
• The introduction of the microprocessor in the 1970s significantly affected the
design and implementation of CPUs
• Since the introduction of the first commercially available microprocessor
(the Intel 4004) in 1970 and the first widely used microprocessor (the Intel
8080) in 1974, this class of CPUs has almost completely overtaken all other
central processing unit implementation methods
• Mainframe and minicomputer manufacturers of the time launched
proprietary IC development programs to upgrade their older computer
architectures, and eventually produced instruction set compatible
microprocessors that were backward-compatible with their older hardware
and software
• Combined with the advent and eventual vast success of the now ubiquitous
personal computer, the term "CPU" is now applied almost exclusively to
microprocessors
 Types of CPU
• There aren't really different types of CPU,
but there are some major differences
between CPUS
• Like Bus Sizes - we have 32 & 64 bits
• Some support SSE, SSE2 and SSE3
• But there are different processor
architectures which you are probably
talking about
• There are SPARC, IA64, X86, X64, IBM Cell
and more
 There are many types of brand of CPU like:-
1. ARM
2. Atmel
3. PIC
4. Intel
5. Zilog
6. AMD
7. And Many More
 The average price of CPU is normally from
RM950-3000 varies and depends on the
type of CPU
 A CPU socket or CPU slot is an electrical component that
attaches to a printed circuit board (PCB) and is designed to
house a microprocessor.
 It is a special type of integrated circuit socket designed for
very high pin counts.
 A CPU socket provides many functions, including providing a
physical structure to support the CPU, providing support for a
heat sink, facilitating replacement (as well as reducing cost)
and most importantly forming an electrical interface both with
the CPU and the PCB.
 CPU sockets can most often be found in
most desktop and server computers (laptops typically
use surface mount CPUs), particularly those based on
the Intel x86 architecture on the motherboard.
 Central processing unit power dissipation or CPU power
dissipation is the process in which central processing
units (CPUs) consume electrical energy, and dissipate this
energy by both the action of the switching devices contained
in the CPU, such as transistors or vacuum tubes, and via the
energy lost in the form of heat due to the impedance of
the electronic circuits.
 Designing CPUs that perform these
tasks efficiently without overheating is a major
consideration in nearly all CPU manufacturers to date.
 Some implementations of CPUs use very little power, for
example, the CPUs in mobile phones often use just a few
hundred milliwatts of electricity.
• In comparison, CPUs in general
purpose personal computers,
such desktops and laptops, dissipate
significantly more power because of their
higher complexity and speed.
• These microelectronic CPUs may consume
power in the order of tens of watts. Historically,
early CPUs implemented with vacuum
tubes consumed power in the order of
many kilowatts.
 CPU Core Voltage
 The CPU core voltage (VCORE) is the power
supply voltage supplied to the CPU (which is a digital
circuit), GPU, or other device containing a processing core. The
amount of power a CPU uses, and thus the amount of heat it
dissipates, is the product of this voltage and the current it
draws. In modern CPUs, which are made using CMOS, the
current is almost proportional to the clock speed, the CPU
drawing almost no current between clock ticks.
 In order to help conserve power and manage heat,
many laptop and desktop processors have a power
management feature that allows software (usually the operating
system) to adjust the clock speed and core voltage dynamically.
 The trend is towards lower core voltages, which conserve
power. This presents the CMOS designer with a challenge,
because in CMOS the voltages go only to ground and the
supply voltage, the source, gate, and drain terminals of
the FETs have only the supply voltage or zero voltage across
them.
 Speed Of A Processor
 The performance or speed of a processor depends on e.g. the clock rate
and the Instructions Per Clock (IPC), which together are the factors for
the Instructions Per Second (IPS) that the CPU can perform.
Many reported IPS values have represented "peak" execution rates on
artificial instruction sequences with few branches, whereas realistic
workloads consist of a mix of instructions and applications, some of which
take longer to execute than others.
The performance of the memory hierarchy also greatly affects processor
performance, an issue barely considered in MIPS calculations. Because of
these problems, various standardized tests such as SPECint have been
developed to attempt to measure the real effective performance in
commonly used applications.
 Processing performance of computers is increased by using multi-core
processors, which essentially is plugging two or more individual processors
(called cores in this sense) into one integrated circuit.
 Ideally, a dual core processor would be nearly twice as powerful as a single
core processor. In practice, however, the performance gain is far less, only
about fifty percent, due to, e.g. imperfect software algorithms and
implementation.