UNIVERSITY INSTITUTEOF ENGINEERING

Bachelor of Engineering (Computer

Science & Engineering)
COMPUTER GRAPHICS(CST-305)

Interactive DISCOVER . LEARN .

EMPOWER
Graphics Display
BY: Charnpreet Kaur
Devices Assistant Prof.(CSE)

University Institute of Engineering(UIE)

 Computer Graphics

Course Objectives
CO Title Level
Number

CO1 Discuss about Interactive Graphics Remember 

Display Devices

CO2 To Understand different Graphic Understand

Conversion  
CO3 To understand the advantages and Understand
disadvantages of Devices

2
 Content
• Color CRT
• Beam penetration
• Shadow Masking
• DVST
• Flat Panel Display
 Department of Computer Science and Engineering (CSE)

Color CRT
• This was one the earlier CRTs to produce color displays.
Coating phosphors of different compounds can produce
different colored pictures.
• But the basic problem of graphics is not to produce a picture
of a predetermined color, but to produce color pictures, with
the color characteristics chosen at run time.
• The basic principle behind colored displays is that combining
the 3 basic colors –Red, Blue and Green

University Institute of Engineering (UIE)

 Department of Computer Science and Engineering (CSE)

COLOR CRT
• Color CRT is divided into two categories:
1 Beam Penetration
2 Shadow Masking

University Institute of Engineering (UIE)

 Department of Computer Science and Engineering (CSE)

Beam penetration
• This CRT is similar to the simple CRT, but it makes use of multi
coloured phosphorus of number of layers. Each phosphorus
layer is responsible for one colour.
• The organization is something like this - The red, green and
blue phosphorus are coated in layers - one behind the other.
• If a low speed beam strikes the CRT, only the red colored
phosphorus is activated, a slightly accelerated beam would
activate both red and green and a much more activated one
would add the blue component also.

University Institute of Engineering (UIE)

 Department of Computer Science and Engineering (CSE)

Beam Penetration

• This technique is used with random scan monitors.

• In this technique inside of CRT coated with two
phosphor layers usually red and green. The outer layer of
red and inner layer of green phosphor.
• The color depends on how far the electron beam
penetrates into the phosphor layer.
• A beam of fast electron penetrates more and excites inner
green layer while slow electron excites outer red layer.

University Institute of Engineering (UIE)

 Department of Computer Science and Engineering (CSE)

Beam Penetration

University Institute of Engineering (UIE)

 Department of Computer Science and Engineering (CSE)

Beam Penetration
• At intermediate beam speed we can produce
combination of red and green lights which emit
additional two colors orange and yellow.
• The beam acceleration voltage controls the speed of the
electrons and hence color of pixel.
• It is a low cost technique to produce color in random
scan monitors.
• It can display only four colors.  Quality of picture is not
good compared to other techniques

University Institute of Engineering (UIE)

 Department of Computer Science and Engineering (CSE)

Shadow Masking
• This works, again, on the principle of combining the basic
colors - Red, green and Blue - in suitable proportions to get a
combination of colors, but it's principle is much more
sophisticated and stable.
• It uses 3 different guns placed one by the side of the other to
form a triangle or a "Delta“
• Each pixel point on the screen is also made up of 3 types of
phosphors to produce red, blue and green colors.
• Just before the phosphor screen is a metal screen, called a
"shadow mask".

University Institute of Engineering (UIE)

 Department of Computer Science and Engineering (CSE)

Shadow Masking

• Since three beams are to be focused, the role of the "Shadow

mask" becomes critical. 
• If the focusing is not achieved properly, the results tend to
be poor.
• Also, since instead of one pixel point in a monochrome CRT
now each pixel is made up of 3 points (for 3 colors), the
resolution of the CRT (no. of pixels) for a given screen size
reduces.  
• while focusing them through the holes their intensities get
reduced, thus reducing the overall brightness of the picture.

University Institute of Engineering (UIE)

 Department of Computer Science and Engineering (CSE)

Shadow Masking

University Institute of Engineering (UIE)

 Department of Computer Science and Engineering (CSE)

Shadow Masking
• It produces wide range of colors as compared to beam-penetration
technique.
• This technique is generally used in raster scan displays. Including color
TV.  
• This is commonly known as Dot Triangle.  
• Here in CRT there are three electron guns present, one for each color dot.
And a shadow mask grid just behind the phosphor coated screen.
• The shadow mask grid consists of series of holes aligned with the
phosphor dot pattern.  
• Three electron beams are deflected and focused as a group onto the
shadow mask and when they pass Through a hole they excite a dot
triangle

University Institute of Engineering (UIE)

 Department of Computer Science and Engineering (CSE)

Shadow Masking
• In dot triangle three phosphor dots are arranged so that
each electron beam can activate only its corresponding color
dot when it passes through the shadow mask.
• A dot triangle when activated appears as a small dot on the
screen which has color of combination of three small dots in
the dot triangle.  
• By changing the intensity of the three electron beams we
can obtain different colors in the shadow mask CRT.

University Institute of Engineering (UIE)

 Department of Computer Science and Engineering (CSE)

Difference between Beam penetration and Shadow Mask

SR. BASIS BEAM PENETRATION SHADOW MASK

NO.

In this method, there is the

In this method, there is
Colors production of only four
1. produced colors i.e., red, green, yellow, the production of millions
of colors.
orange.

As in this method millions

As in this method only four of colors are produced
Color colors are produced it is
2. because it depends upon
dependency because of the speed of the
electron gun. the intensity value of the
three available guns.

University Institute of Engineering (UIE)

 Department of Computer Science and Engineering (CSE)

Difference between Beam penetration and Shadow Mask

Number of In this methods, three

In this method, only one
3. electron guns electron gun is used. electron guns are used; i.e
used. red, green and blue.
As we know in this
As we know in this different
different colors and
4. Picture quality shades are not possible. colors and shades are
possible. So, it’s picture
So, it’s picture quality is
poor. quality is quite good.

This method is not This method is suitable for

5. Realistic view suitable for providing the
providing the realistic view.
realistic view.

University Institute of Engineering (UIE)

 Department of Computer Science and Engineering (CSE)

Difference between Beam penetration and Shadow

Mask

This method provides Whereas, this method

6. Resolution does not able to provide
high resolution. high resolution.

7. Cost It is cheaper than It is an expensive

shadow mask method. method.
It is used in random It is used in raster scan
8. Application scan system to display system to display color.
color.

University Institute of Engineering (UIE)

 Department of Computer Science and Engineering (CSE)

Direct view Storage Tube

• DVST gives alternative method for maintaining the screen

image.  
• DVST uses the storage grid which stores the picture
information as a charge distribution just behind the
phosphor coated screen. 
• DVST consists two electron guns a primary gun and a flood
gun.  A primary gun stores the picture pattern and the flood
gun maintains the picture display.

University Institute of Engineering (UIE)

 Department of Computer Science and Engineering (CSE)

Direct view Storage Tube

• A primary gun emits high speed electrons which strike
on the storage grid to draw the picture pattern.  
• As electron beam strikes on the storage grid with high
speed, it knocks out electrons from the storage grid
keeping the net positive charge.
• The continuous low speed electrons from flood gun pass
through the control grid and are attracted to the positive
charged area of the storage grid.

University Institute of Engineering (UIE)

 Department of Computer Science and Engineering (CSE)

Direct view Storage Tube

• Store image information as a charge

distribution
• Two electron guns are used
– Primary gun
– The flood gun
Advantage: No refreshing required
Draw complex pictures
with high resolution
Disadvantages: To eliminate some section
entire picture need to erased.

University Institute of Engineering (UIE)

 Department of Computer Science and Engineering (CSE)

Flat Panel Display

• A flat-panel display is a thin screen display found on
all portable computers and is the new standard
for desktop computers.
• Unlike (CRT) monitors, flat-panel displays use liquid-
crystal display (LCD) or light-emitting diode
(LED) technology to make them much lighter and
thinner compared to a traditional monitor.
• Less weight ,volume and power requirement as
compared to CRT’S

Basic design of a plasma-panel

display device.

University Institute of Engineering (UIE)

 Department of Computer Science and Engineering (CSE)

Flat Panel Display

• The term flat panel display refers to a class of video
device that have reduced volume, weight & power
requirement compared to a CRT.
•  As flat panel display is thinner than CRTs, we can hang
them on walls or wear on our wrists.
•  Since we can even write on some flat panel displays they
will soon be available as pocket notepads.

University Institute of Engineering (UIE)

 Department of Computer Science and Engineering (CSE)

Flat Panel Display

• We can separate flat panel display in two categories:
1. Emissive displays: - the emissive display or emitters are
devices that convert electrical energy into light. For Ex.
Plasma panel, thin film electroluminescent displays and
light emitting diodes.
2. Non emissive displays: - non emissive display or non
emitters use optical effects to convert sunlight or light
from some other source into graphics patterns. For Ex.
LCD (Liquid Crystal Display).

University Institute of Engineering (UIE)

 Department of Computer Science and Engineering (CSE)

Flat Panel Display

• Flat-panel display technologies are sweeping through

markets all over the world
– Digital Signage, Home Theater
– Command and Control, Retail Displays
– Handheld Electronics (Cameras, PDAs, Phones)
• The Contenders
– Plasma Display Panels (PDPs)
– Thin-film Transistor Liquid Crystal Displays (TFT LCDs)
– Organic Light-emitting Diodes (OLEDs)
– Electroluminescent and Emissive Displays

University Institute of Engineering (UIE)

 Department of Computer Science and Engineering (CSE)

Flat Panel Display

• The term flat–panel displays refers to a class of video
devices that have reduced volume, weight, and power
requirements compared to a CRT.
• A significant feature of flat-panel displayed is that they are
thinner than CRTs, and we can hang them on walls or wear
them on our wrists.

University Institute of Engineering (UIE)

 Department of Computer Science and Engineering (CSE)

From CRT to LCD

• CRT
– Bulky, heavy, use vacuum tube
technology.
– Using technology that was
developed in the 19th century.
• LCD
– First LCD laptop monitors were very
small due to manufacturing costs.
– Light, sleek, energy-efficient, have
sharp picture.

University Institute of Engineering (UIE)

 Department of Computer Science and Engineering (CSE)

Advantages of CRT

• Color
– Most are capable of displaying unlimited colors.
• Resolution
– Multiple video Resolutions.

University Institute of Engineering (UIE)

 Department of Computer Science and Engineering (CSE)

Advantages of CRT

• Response Time
– Faster response time. Critical to people who watch
videos or play games on their PC’s.
– The fastest LCD’s offer a response time of about 25
milliseconds as apposed to CRT’s that have a response
time of about 13 milliseconds.

University Institute of Engineering (UIE)

 Department of Computer Science and Engineering (CSE)

Advantages of CRT
• Viewing Angle
– Look @ a very wide angle

(Source: PCWorld.com,
TouchScreens.com)

University Institute of Engineering (UIE)

 Department of Computer Science and Engineering (CSE)

How Monitors Work

• Most use a cathode-ray tube as

a display device.
• CRT: Glass tube that is narrow
at one end and opens to a flat
screen at the other end.
• Narrow end contains electron
guns.
– Single gun for monochrome and
three guns for color.
– Display screen is covered with tiny
phosphor dots that emit light when
struck by the electron gun.
University Institute of Engineering (UIE)
 Department of Computer Science and Engineering (CSE)

Homework Problems
• Compare beam penetration and shadow masking.
• How CRT Monitor works? Detail Study.
• What is the difference between CRT and Color CRT.

University Institute of Engineering (UIE)

 Department of Computer Science and Engineering (CSE)

Computer Graphics

Course Outcome
CO Title Level
Number

CO1 Interactive Graphics Display Devices Remember 

CO2 Discussed different Graphic Conversion Understand

 
CO3 Discussed the advantages and Understand
disadvantages of Devices

32
University Institute of Engineering (UIE)
 Department of Computer Science and Engineering (CSE)

REFERENCES

1. Hearn, D., Baker M. P. ,”Computer Graphics”, Pearson

education.
2. Newman, William M., Sproull, Robert F., “Principles of
Interactive Computer Graphics”, Tata McGraw Hill
Company, 2nd Edition.
3. Nptel
Link https://nptel.ac.in/courses/106/106/106106090
/

University Institute of Engineering (UIE)