INDIA

INTERNATIONAL
SCHOOL
Session -2020-21
ART INTRIGRATED PROJECT OF CHEMISTRY

NAME – AKASH MONDAL

CLASS – X SEC – B
ROLL NO. – 05
SUBJECT- CHEMISTRY
 ART INTEGRATED PROJECT OF
CHEMISTRY BASED ON PERIODIC
CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS
 INTRODUCTION

All substances are made up of elements. At present, there are 118 elements known
, out of which 98 are naturally occurring. In order to study the properties of all
these elements separately, scientist felt the necessity to group elements having
similar characteristics together. So, all the elements have been divided into few
groups in such a way that elements in the same group have similar properties of
elements.
In this presentation we will go through various attempts which have been made to
classify the elements from time to time and finally we will see the modern
classification of elements.
 DÖBEREINER'S TRIADS (1817)

In the year of 1817, Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner, ( a German chemist) has made an attempt to arrange the
elements with similar properties into groups having three elements each. He called these groups as Triads.
Döbereiner showed that when three elements in a triad were arranged in order of increasing atomic masses, the
atomic mass of the middle element was roughly the average of the atomic masses of the other two elements.
Like for example:
elements like: Li Na K
Atomic masses: 7 23 39

Average atomic mass of first 7 + 39 =23 = Na

and third elements 2
Importance Of Döbereiner's Triads:
It has a great significance in predicting atomic mass and properties of middle element. Even in
these days, these elements resemble in their properties.

Limitations Of Döbereiner's Triads:

All the element discovered at that time could not be classified into triads. DÖbereiner could
identify only three triads from the elements at that time. These are:

Li, Na, K ; Ca, Sr, Ba ; Cl, Br, I

Newland law of octaves (1866)
In 1866, John Newland’s , (an English scientist ), arranged the know elements
in the order of increasing atomic masses and found that every eight elements
had properties similar to that of the first. He compared this to the octaves
found in music, i.e. sa, ra, ga, ma, pa, da, ni. Therefore he called it called the
law of octaves. This is known as Newland Law Of Octaves
Newland’s octaves
Notes of music
Sa ra ga ma pa da ni

H Li Be B C N O

F Na Mg Al Si P S

Cl K Ca Cr Ti Mn Fe

Co Cu Zn Y In As Se
And Ni
 LIMITATIONS OF NEWLANDS LAW OF
OCTAVES
Newland could arrange elements only up to calcium, out of the total 56 elements
known.
After calcium, every eighth element did not possess properties similar to that of the
first.
1. Only 56 elements were known at the time of Newlands, but later several
elements were discovered.
2. Some similar elements have been separated from one another while some
dissimilar elements have been placed in the same column.
 MENDELEEV’S PERIODIC TABLE (1834-1907)

Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeléev, a Russian chemist, was the most important contributor to the early development of the
periodic table. Many periodic tables were made but the most important one was the Mendeleev periodic table. In 1869,
after the rejection of Newlands Octave Law, Mendeleev Periodic table came into the picture. In Mendeleev’s periodic
table, elements were arranged on the basis of the fundamental property, atomic mass, and chemical properties. During
Mendeleev’s work, only 63 elements were known. After studying the properties of every element, Mendeleev found that
the properties of elements were related to atomic mass in a periodic way. He arranged the elements such that
elements with similar properties fell into the same vertical columns of the periodic table. Among chemical properties,
Mendeleev treated formulae of hydrides and oxides as one of the basic criteria for categorization. He took 63 cards
and on each card, he wrote the properties of one element. He grouped the elements with similar properties and pinned
it on the wall. He observed that elements were arranged in the increasing order of atomic mass and there was the
periodic occurrence of elements with similar properties. According to this observation, he formulated a periodic law
which states: “the properties of elements are the periodic function of their atomic masses.” In Mendeleev periodic table,
vertical columns in the periodic table and horizontal row in the periodic table were named as groups and period
respectively.
Mendeleev’s periodic table
 MERITS OF MENDELEEV’S PERIODIC TABLE

1. Mendeleev was first to properly arrange and classify all elements and was able to explain the periodicity in their
chemical properties.
2. Mendeleev left some gaps for undiscovered elements. He predicted that some elements would be discovered in
future. He also predicted properties of those undiscovered elements.
3. Mendeleev kept vacant places in the periodic table for elements not discovered till then He named these elements
as eka-boron, eka-aluminium, eka-silicon later on when these elements were discovered
eka boron was named Scandium
eka aluminium was named Gallium
eka silicon was named Germanium
The properties of these elements also matched with those predicted by Mendeleev.
4. One of the strengths of mendeleev’s periodic table is that when the noble gases where discovered they could be
placed in a new group without disturbing the existing order.
 LIMITATIONS OF MENDELEEV’S PERIODIC
TABLE
Position of Hydrogen => Position of hydrogen in the perodic table is Uncertain , Because hydrogen
is placed in 1 A group with Alkali metals .

Position of isotopes => isotopes haven’t been given separate place in perodic table .

Cause of periodicity => Mendeleev could not explain the cause of periodicity .
• Separation of similar elements => some dissimilar elements have been placed together .
 MODERN PERIODIC TABLE

In 1913, Henry Moseley showed that the atomic number of an element is a more
fundamental property. On the basis of this he modified Mendeleev’s periodic law as
“physical and chemical properties of the element are created function of their
atomic numbers”. This is called Modern Periodic Law. When the elements were
arranged in increasing order of their atomic number, the obtained table is called
Modern Periodic Table.
This modern periodic table has 18 vertical columns known as groups and seven
horizontal Rose known as periods.
PICTURE OF MODERN PERIODIC TABLE
 FEATURES OF GROUP

A few important features of element present in a group are as follows:

1. The groups and not divided into sub-groups.
2. Aliments present in a group have the same number of valence electrons.
3. Element present in a group have the same valency.
4. The number of cells increases as we go down the group.
5. The element present in a group have identical chemical properties.
6. Physical properties of the elements such as melting point, boiling point, density in a group very
gradually.
 FEATURES OF PERIOD
1. Elements of a period do not have the same number of Valence electrons but they
contain the same number of shells.
2. The number of Valence shellls electrons increases by oneUnitbas the atomic
number increases by one unit on moving from left to right in a period. Therefore,
the atoms of different elements with same number of shells are placed in the same
period.
3. As the number valence shell electrons change, the chemical properties of the
elements also change.
4. Different periods have different number of electrons which can be explained on
the basis of filling of electrons into various shells.
 POSITION OF ELEMENTS IN THE MODERN
PERIODIC TABLE
1. The periodic number of an element is equal to the number of electrons cell in its
2. If two or more elements have the same number of valence cells then they belong to the same create of the
periodic table
3. Group number of an element having up to two valence electrons is equal to the number of valence electrons
4. The group number of an element having more than two valence electron is equal to the number of valence
electron + 10
5. If one or more elements have the same number of valence electron then they belong to the same group of the
periodic table
6. Modern periodic table is divided among the metals and non metals.
7. A zigzag line separates the metals from nonmetals the elements placed among the side of the line are called
metalloids
 TRENDS IN THE MODERN PERIODIC TABLE

1. Valency:

it is the the combining capacity of an atom of an element to acquire noble gas configuration. Along a group the outer electronic configuration is same for all the
elements so all have the same number of valence electron and the valency. On the other hand the valency increases from 1 to group 14 and then decreases to zero from
group 15 to 18 along a period.

2. Atomic size:

The atomic size of an atom goes on increasing as we move down the group and the atomic size reduces as we move from left to right of a period.
3. Metallic property:
The metallic property of an element freezes as we move from left to right along a period Where as metallic
characteristic increases as we move down the group