Studying algebra is similar to studying a new language.

It always starts from the

basics. In the same sense in Algebra, a person studying about it for the first time
calls for knowing its building blocks first.

o Variables represent quantities that have more than one possible value and
is usually denoted by letters such as x, y, and z.

o Constants are quantities that have fixed values and are usually denoted by
any integer. However, in times where its value is unknown, it can be
represented by letters such as a, b, and c known as arbitrary constants.
It is important to know how to convert ordinary sentences into its corresponding
mathematical notation.
the phrase ‘a number’ can be represented as the variable ‘x’ or any variable

the sum of a number and seven four more than three times a number y
a number – x four – 4
sum - + (addition) more than - + (addition)
seven - 7 3 times number y – 3y

x+ 7 3 y+4
8 times a 8x
number
5 less than twice a number 2 x −5

Three more than twice a number 2 x+3

2
Two more than the square of a number x +2
15 less than the number of coins Anika hasx − 15
 Algebraic Expressions
An algebraic expression is just a constant,
variable, or a combination of both using the basic
operations: addition, subtraction, multiplication,
division, exponentiation, and extraction of roots.
 3 2
5 x + x − 4 x +2
There are 4 terms in the algebraic expression.
 3 2
5 x + x − 4 x +2
There are 4 terms in the algebraic expression.
5, 1, and -4 are the numerical coefficients.
are the literal coefficients.
 2
25 x − 4 x −1
There are 3 terms in the algebraic expression.
25, and -4 are the numerical coefficients.
are the literal coefficients.
 Types of Polynomials
Monomial: A polynomial with only one term.

Binomial: A polynomial having two terms.

,

Trinomial: A polynomials with three terms.

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 Degree of Polynomials
The degree of a term is the exponent of the variable in
the literal coefficient or the sum of the exponents of it
variables.

degree of term = 5
The degree of the polynomial is the degree of the term
with the highest degree.

degree of polynomial = 6
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 Degree of Polynomials

What is the degree of each term?

degree of first term = 6
degree of second term = 3
degree of third term = 4

What is the degree of the polynomial?

degree of polynomial = 6

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 Operation on Polynomials
ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION
Combining algebraic expressions or polynomials is a
way of constructing new expressions. Addition and
subtraction of polynomials can be done by
combining the numerical coefficients of like terms.

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- Rearrange the polynomial with its
like term grouped together. Make sure 3 x + y 2 − x+ 2 y 2 −1
that the signs of the terms are also
included. 3 x − x+ y 2+ 2 y 2 −1
- Simplify like terms by combining 3 x − x=2 x
the numerical coefficients of the
terms. Terms which cannot be y 2 +2 y 2= 3 y 2
combined with other terms will stay as
it is. 2 x +3 y 2 − 1
- Put the terms together in one
expression.
- Rearrange the polynomial with its ( 3 x +2 y − 1 ) −(2 y −1)
like term grouped together. Make sure
that the signs of the terms are also 3 x +2 y − 1− 2 y+1
included.
3 x +2 y − 2 y − 1+1
- Simplify like terms by combining
the numerical coefficients of the 2 y − 2 y= 0
terms. Terms which cannot be
combined with other terms will stay as − 1 +1= 0
it is.
3 x
- Put the terms together in one
expression.
 Operations on Polynomials
Simplify the following.
a.

b.

c.

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 Operation on Polynomials
MULTIPLICATION 5 x ∙ 4 x 2=¿
a. Multiplying a monomial 5 ∙ 4 =20
to another monomial
- Multiply the numerical x ∙ x 2= x 3
coefficients.
20 x 3
- Add the exponents of
similar literal coefficients. 13 x ∙ 2 xy= ¿
26 x 2 y
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 Operation on Polynomials
MULTIPLICATION 3 x ( 2 x − y +2 ) =¿
b. Multiplying a polynomial to 3 x ∙ 2 x= 6 x 2
a monomial
3 x ∙ − y=− 3 xy
3 x ∙ 2 =6 x
- Multiply the monomial to each
term of the polynomial. 6 x 2 − 3 xy +6 x

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 Operation on Polynomials
MULTIPLICATION 3 a ( 2 x +3 y + z ) =¿
b. Multiplying a polynomial to
a monomial 6 ax+9 ay +3 az

−2 b ( 3 a −2 ) =¿
- Multiply the monomial to each
term of the polynomial.
− 6 ab + 4 b

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 Operation on Polynomials
MULTIPLICATION

c. Multiplying a binomial to a binomial

- Multiply the first terms. (F)

- Multiply the outer terms. (O)
- Multiply the inner terms. (I)
- Multiply the last terms. (L)
- Combine like terms.

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 ( 2 x+3 y ) ( x + y ) (3 x − y ) (2 x −3 y )
F : ( 2 x ) ( x )=¿ 2 x2 6 x 2 − 11 xy+ 3 y 2
O: ( 2 x ) ( y ) =¿ 2 xy
( 4 x+ 2 y )( 2 x − 2 y )
I : ( 3 y )( x ) =¿ 3 xy
8 x 2 − 4 xy − 4 y 2
L : ( 3 y ) ( y )=¿ 3 y2
2 x 2+5 xy +3 y 2
 Operation on Polynomials
MULTIPLICATION

d. Sum and difference of two terms

- The product of the sum and difference of the

two same terms is equal to the difference of the
squares of the two terms.

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( 2 x+ 𝑦 ) ( 2 x − y ) ( 4 x+ 2 y )( 4 x −2 y )
2
(2 x) = ¿ 4 x 2 16 x 2 − 4 y 2

( y )2=¿ y2 ( 3 x − 2 y ) ( 3 x+2 y )
4 x2 − y2 9 x2− 4 y2
 Operation on Polynomials
MULTIPLICATION

d. Square of the sum or difference of binomials

- Square the first term.

- Multiply the product of the first and last term by
2.
22 - Square the last term.
 ( x + 2)2 ( x − 2)2
( x)2 =¿ x2 ( x)2 =¿ x2
2(2)( x)=¿ 4 x 2(−2)(x )=¿ − 4 x
(2 )2=¿ 4 (− 2)2=¿ 4
x 2+ 4 x + 4 x2 − 4 x+ 4

(2 x − y )2 =¿ 4 x 2 − 4 xy + y 2
 Operation on Polynomials
MULTIPLICATION

e. Cube of a binomial

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 ( x + 2)3 (2 x − y )3
( x)3 =¿ x3 (2 x)3 =¿ 8 x3
3( x )2 (2)=¿ 6 x2 3 ( 2 x ) ( − y )=¿ −12 x 2 y
2

3( x )(2)2=¿ 12 x 3(2 x )(− y )2=¿ 6 x y2

(2 )3=¿ 8 (− y )3= ¿ − y3
x 3 +6 x 2 +12 x +8 8 x 3 −6 x 2 y +6 x y 2 − y 3
 Operation on Polynomials
MULTIPLICATION

f. Multiplying a binomial to a trinomial

- Multiply each term of the binomial to each term

of the trinomial.
- Simplify like terms.
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( x+ 1 ) ( 3 x − y − 3 )
Ax : ( x ) ( 3 x )=¿ 3 x2 2
3 x +3 x − xy − y − 3 x − 3
Bx : ( 1 ) ( 3 x )=¿ 3 x 2
3 x − xy − y − 3
Ay : ( x ) ( − y ) =¿ − xy
By : ( 1 ) ( − y ) =¿ − y
A z : ( x )( − 3 )=¿ −3 x
B z : ( 1 ) ( −3 )=¿ −3
 Operation on Polynomials
DIVISION
Dividing polynomials takes the process of
multiplying polynomials in an opposite manner.
Instead of adding the exponents of terms with
similar literal coefficients, they are being
subtracted from each other.

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- Rearrange the polynomial in 25 x 3 yz
fraction-like structure. 5 xyz
- Divide the numerical coefficients. 25 ÷ 5 =5
- Subtract the exponents of similar x3 ÷ x = x2
variables.
y ÷ y =1
z ÷ z =1
5 x2