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Null and Alternative Hypothesis

The document discusses null and alternative hypotheses. It defines the null hypothesis as a general statement that assumes no relationship between two variables or groups, which researchers aim to disprove. The alternative hypothesis proposes an alternative theory to the null. A key purpose of both is to verify or disprove statistical assumptions through hypothesis testing. The null is rejected if p-value < significance level, while a p-value > significance level fails to reject the null. Examples are provided of null hypotheses using equals signs and alternative hypotheses using non-equals comparisons.

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04 Shaina Sachdeva
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180 views12 pages

Null and Alternative Hypothesis

The document discusses null and alternative hypotheses. It defines the null hypothesis as a general statement that assumes no relationship between two variables or groups, which researchers aim to disprove. The alternative hypothesis proposes an alternative theory to the null. A key purpose of both is to verify or disprove statistical assumptions through hypothesis testing. The null is rejected if p-value < significance level, while a p-value > significance level fails to reject the null. Examples are provided of null hypotheses using equals signs and alternative hypotheses using non-equals comparisons.

Uploaded by

04 Shaina Sachdeva
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© © All Rights Reserved
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NULL AND ALTERNATIVE

HYPOTHESIS
NULL HYPOTHESIS-
 The null hypothesis is a general statement that states that there is no relationship
between two phenomenons under consideration or that there is no association
between two groups.
 A hypothesis, in general, is an assumption that is yet to be proved with sufficient
pieces of evidence. A null hypothesis thus is the hypothesis a researcher is trying
to disprove.
 A null hypothesis is a hypothesis capable of being objectively verified, tested, and
even rejected.
 If a study is to compare method A with method B about their relationship, and if
the study is preceded on the assumption that both methods are equally good, then
this assumption is termed as the null hypothesis.
 The null hypothesis should always be a specific hypothesis, i.e., it should not state
about or approximately a certain value.
 The symbol for the null hypothesis is H 0, and it is read as H-null, H-zero, or H-

naught.
 The null hypothesis is usually associated with just ‘equals to’ sign as a null
hypothesis can either be accepted or rejected .
PURPOSE OF NULL HYPOTHESIS-
 The main purpose of a null hypothesis is to verify/
disprove the proposed statistical assumptions.
 Some scientific null hypothesis help to advance a theory.

 The null hypothesis is also used to verify the consistent


results of multiple experiments. For e.g., the null
hypothesis stating that there is no relation between some
medication and age of the patients supports the general
effectiveness conclusion, and allows recommendations.
ACCEPTANCE / REJECTION -
 When the p-value of the data is less than the significant level of the test, the
null hypothesis is rejected, indicating the test results are significant.
 However, if the p-value is higher than the significant value, the null
hypothesis is not rejected, and the results are considered not significant.
 The level of significance is an important concept while hypothesis testing as
it determines the percentage risk of rejecting the null hypothesis when
H0 might happen to be true.
 In other words, if we take the level of significance at 5%, it means that the
researcher is willing to take as much as a 5 percent risk of rejecting the null
hypothesis when it (H0) happens to be true.
 The null hypothesis cannot be accepted because the lack of evidence only
means that the relationship is not proven. It doesn’t prove that something
doesn’t exist, but it just means that there are not enough shreds of evidence
and the study might have missed it.
EXAMPLES-
 The following are some examples of null hypothesis:
 If the hypothesis is that “the consumption of a particular
medicine reduces the chances of heart arrest”, the null
hypothesis will be “the consumption of the medicine doesn’t
reduce the chances of heart arrest.”
 If the hypothesis is that, “If random test scores are collected
from men and women, does the score of one group differ from
the other?” a possible null hypothesis will be that the mean test
score of men is the same as that of the women.
 H0: µ1= µ2

 H0= null hypothesis


µ1= mean score of men
µ2= mean score of women
ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS
 An alternative hypothesis is a statement that describes that there is a
relationship between two selected variables in a study.
 An alternative hypothesis is usually used to state that a new theory is
preferable to the old one (null hypothesis).
 This hypothesis can be simply termed as an alternative to the null hypothesis.

 The alternative hypothesis is the hypothesis that is to be proved that indicates


that the results of a study are significant and that the sample observation is not
results just from chance but from some non-random cause.
 If a study is to compare method A with method B about their relationship and
we assume that the method A is superior or the method B is inferior, then such
a statement is termed as an alternative hypothesis.
 Alternative hypotheses should be clearly stated, considering the nature of the
research problem.
 The symbol of the alternative hypothesis is either H 1 or Ha while using less

than, greater than or not equal signs.


PURPOSE OF ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS-
 An alternative hypothesis provides the researchers with some
specific restatements and clarifications of the research problem.
 An alternative hypothesis provides a direction to the study, which
then can be utilized by the researcher to obtain the desired results.
 Since the alternative hypothesis is selected before conducting the
study, it allows the test to prove that the study is supported by
evidence, separating it from the researchers’ desires and values.
 An alternative hypothesis provides a chance of discovering new
theories that can disprove an existing one that might not be
supported by evidence.
 The alternative hypothesis is important as they prove that a
relationship exists between two variables selected and that the
results of the study conducted are relevant and significant.
EXAMPLES
 The following are some examples of alternative
hypothesis:
 1. If a researcher is assuming that the bearing capacity of
a bridge is more than 10 tons, then the hypothesis under
this study will be:
 Null hypothesis H0: µ= 10 tons

Alternative hypothesis Ha: µ>10 tons


 2. Under another study that is trying to test whether there
is a significant difference between the effectiveness of
medicine against heart arrest, the alternative hypothesis
will be that there is a relationship between the medicine
and chances of heart arrest.
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