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Internal Energy

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Apurva Walunj
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164 views7 pages

Internal Energy

.........................................................................................................................................................

Uploaded by

Apurva Walunj
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Internal energy

Internal energy (U) is the total energy within a system. It is the sum of all types
of energies (chemical, electrical, mechanical or any other type) of the system and
is a state function.
• If we talk/study about a system there are many types of energies involved in it
and it is impossible to determine the absolute internal energy of a system.
• We only study about the change in the internal energy (U)
• Energy is changed when work is done or heat change happens.

Features:
• Internal energy is an extensive property.
• U is heat evolved or absorbed at constant volume.
• If energy is given out by the system U is negative.
• If energy is absorbed by the system then U is positive.
• For isothermal process, U is zero. (PV = nRT)
• Internal energy is a state function.
INTERNAL ENERGY CHANGE: BY WORK (Constant
Volume)

In an adiabatic system, work can be done by


• Churning the system: By fixing some mechanical rod inside and
make it churn, which will increase the temperature of the system,
making change in the internal energy
• Heating the system: By fixing an immersion rod inside the system
and then providing heat to the system.
• Chemical process: Some chemical reaction happening inside the
system which leads to change in the temperature.
INTERNAL ENERGY CHANGE: BY HEAT (Constant
Volume)
• Thermally conducting system is needed instead of adiabatic system
because here heat transfer is needed.
• In this case U = q, when no work is done at constant volume
• The ‘q’ is positive, when system gets the heat.
• The ‘q’ is negative when the system gives out heat.
INTERNAL ENERGY CHANGE: BY HEAT & WORK
(Constant Volume)
U=q+w
This mathematical equation gives the statement of the first law of
thermodynamics, which states that “The energy of an isolated system is
constant”.
PRESSURE VOLUME WORK: (Constant External Pressure)
Irreversible compression scenario

Work = Force x Displacement


= Force x l
= Pressure X area x l
=PxV

So, W = Pext x V

But here, V is negative, as Vfinal –Vinitial


Therefore, according to sign
convention our formula becomes,
W = - Pext x V
PRESSURE VOLUME WORK: (External Pressure is not constant)
Reversible compression scenario
Work done in free expansion of gas (vacuum)
Expansion of gas in vacuum, as Pext = 0 is called free expansion. NO work is
done during free expansion of an ideal gas whether the process is
reversible or irreversible.
Isothermal expansion of ideal gas
For an ideal gas, U is dependent on T, but for isothermal process T = 0,
so U = 0
For isothermal irreversible change, q = -w = Pext (Vf – Vi)
For isothermal reversible change , q = -w = 2.303nRT log Vf/Vi
Summary of Internal energy

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